A Brief History of the Irish Student Anti-Austerity Movement Since The 2010s

László Molnárfi

Wednessday 12 March 2025

Introduction

Theory is necessary to guide us. Without theory pertaining to the material context, we are sailors of a ship neither its origin nor destination known. In this piece, the history of the student movement in the 32 counties of Ireland is described throughout the 2010s with a special focus on anti-austerity resistance. This is done in the hopes that future student radicals will study the text and draw relevant conclusions for revolutionary praxis through the lens of class struggle.

2010-2015

Catalysed by the onset of austerity, the 25,000 to 40,000 marching students on November 3rd 2010 were split into two camps under the banner of the Union of Students Ireland (USI). On the one hand, students protested the proposed increase to third-level fees, further cuts to the student maintenance grant, increasing graduate unemployment and emigration levels, chanting “no ifs, no buts, no education cuts”, and on the other, students protested neoliberal-driven austerity measures imposed by the state, carrying red flags and revolutionary slogans. It is clear that the leadership of the student movement was split between two poles, and it is hard to tell what percentage of support each vanguard had, but their existence nevertheless represents a reformist and revolutionary current, a trend that continues throughout the decades. Events came to a head when a group of 30 decided to break away from the tightly-controlled official march, and occupied the Department of Finance, resulting in a violent Gardaí response. The atmosphere became militant and hundreds of students were standing outside the building in solidarity^[1]. The official student movement roundly condemned the protestors^[2], in line with the respectability politics they practised, a position which was only withdrawn years later on July 29th 2013 after a Garda Ombudsman report blamed the Gardaí for the violence^[3]. Reflecting the official student movement, the USI President at the time was Fianna Fáil-member Gary Redmond, a careerist student leader who was apolitical and favoured a lobbyist approach^[4].

On the same day, in response to the police violence, about 300 students proceeded to engage in a sit-down protest at the Dáil, followed by 30 marching to Pearse Street Garda Station, where it was believed the arrested protestors were held^[5]. Another march protesting police violence took place on November 10th 2010, with up to 500 students taking part^[6]. This was organised by Free Education for Everyone (FEE) and Students in Solidarity (SIS)^[7], with the support of trade unionists and Socialist Workers’ Party (SWP)^[8], Éirígí^[9], Sinn Féin and the United Left Alliance (ULA). The anarchists such as Workers’ Solidarity Movement (WSM) were active in the student movement too. Out of these groups, it is FEE which was the best known amongst the student body, and which drove the radical student movement. Before the massive ‘Education, Not Emigration’ march of November 3rd 2010 when the USI disavowed student radicals, FEE was active in various campuses organising petitions, direct action and campaigns^[10][11].

FEE Student Activism Pre-2010 Student activist Conall Ó’Dufaigh recalls pre-2010 FEE as follows: “I first got involved in FEE a few weeks after it was set up in autumn 2008. While it never got the on-campus traction of its predecessor CFE [Campaign for Free Education] (UCD campaign c.2004), it did manage to bring together a very wide array of leftists ranging from the more mainstream Labour, Sinn Féin to Anarchists, Trotskyists and even the 32 County Sovereignty movement. FEE also managed to network across campuses in a way that CFE had not. The country had just fallen into recession and there was a growing drive to do something about it”. “Our common tactics were on campus blockades of politicians, usually drawing around 200 students to participate. We also began small-scale occupations of politicians’ and university officials’ offices and urged and supported the SUs proper to do the same”, he continues. In 2008-2009, the University College Dublin’s (UCD) FEE ran a slate for the student union elections, they lost, demoralising the group, and pushing the radical student movement into an ‘ultra-left’ direction. That is to say, the radical student movement would make little to no effort to engage with the student unions to take over their leadership during these years. When the government coalition of Fianna Fáil, the Green Party and the Progressive Democrats at the time announced that they will not be bringing in direct tuition fees in October 2009[12], UCD FEE voted to dissolve themselves. This was followed by the collapse of FEE across the island, except for Maynooth University (MU), according to his recollection. A short period of demoralisation set in, followed by an upsurge. The SIS group was set up as “an attempt by a number of UCD activists to maintain the pan-left working relationships we had built up in FEE, while having a broader mandate of issues to campaign on”. Another student activist, Páidí McCarrick, involved in MU FEE which avoided the fate of the other branches, recalls that “the main organising focused around the appointment of Bertie Ahern as an honorary professor at the university. Approx 1,200 staff and students signed a petition calling for this to be rescinded which out of a student body of around 7-8k was a significant portion to collect by hand. We were outraged that the man seen as one of the main architects of Ireland’s economic collapse and facing corruption allegations was being awarded with such a position. 800 students marched to deliver it to President John Hughes in December 2009 and we claimed victory from the fact that Bertie was unable to give his lectures on our campus and they instead held it in a local hotel”. He further mentions that “other organising based around supporting public sector strikes (we had good relationships with left-wing lecturers of which NUIM [MU] had a good few), and getting elected reps on SU Council in order to get NUIM SU [MSU] to rejoin USI”. This highlights a level of flexibility in their politics. “The college had not been a member since 2001 and FEE was instrumental in the grassroots campaign to first get the referendum which took place in February 2010. FEE actively campaigned in favour and it passed with over 74% of the vote and a stipulation that it could not be voted on again for three years“, he says. As an insight into the tactics and strategy of MU FEE, he opposes ‘taking over’ the student unions to this day, saying that “We never had too much success at NUIM SU [MSU] elections – I was introduced to the term “bourgeois theatre” by an anarchist comrade during one election cycle and I’m increasinging convinced that they aren’t worth doing unless it’s for a group’s profile raising, fundraising or recruitment”. The upsurge of organizing started when it had become clear that the state, while not introducing direct tuition fees, was going to augment the student contribution charge, a de facto fee increase, and hence the ensuing protests. The groups listed as the organizers of the breakaway march of November 3rd 2010 were thus FEE and SIS. “SIS was effectively retired around a week later when a meeting in UCD voted in a landslide to reopen the FEE branch. I had no problem doing this, but voted against it as I felt it wasn’t as urgent as a protest we were planning alongside academic staff. These kinds of tactical disagreements were common; we had drive, but not direction. In any case there were a number of active FEE branches working at this time, the most prominent perhaps were NUIM, UCD, Galway and QUB with other active branches around the country. Some previous branches from 08/09 (Cork, Limerick) didn’t re-emerge. We also had new branches in smaller technical colleges and walkouts of school students (one in Dublin and one in Mayo, which got some attention). It was around this time that we created some formal structure. Bi-annual conferences to decide policy, an elected media team, a secure online forum run off the Seomra Spraoi server etc”, he says.

With varying levels of membership post-2010, FEE were active in Queen’s University Belfast (QUB), MU, UCD, Trinity College Dublin (TCD) and the National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), representing an attempt to organise on a national level and pressure USI. Some pre-2010 branches, specifically University College Cork (UCC) and University of Limerick (UL), did not re-emerge. None of the branches held any local or national sabbatical officer positions.

The fall-out from the November 3rd 2010 scandal was immediate, with back-and-forths in the media. The radical students, having been sidelined by the official student movement, retreated and regrouped to regain their strength. This proved difficult, as the events had left them traumatised. A research paper by Liath Vaughan describes the situation as follows: “After the protest FEE disintegrated and many of my participants attributed this to the protest and the lack of a ‘mutual care plan’ in place to deal with the experience of the day […] After the protest, FEE were in disarray and although the action had created momentum and publicity around FEE, interviewees felt that FEE did not have the resources or capacity to deal with the fallout and were in disarray because of a lack of trust. […] ‘we didn’t really know how to capitalise on what had just happened and how to turn that into momentum into another struggle’”^[13]. Student activist Conall Ó’Dufaigh concurs, saying that “We didn’t really have any conversations about the impact of being beaten up on our mental health, let alone the impact of being arrested or just the regular stress of activism. I feel this contributed to tensions within the movement. Despite our progressive politics there was probably a bit of a macho attitude there. We had a major drive for students to report their injuries to the Garda Ombudsman. I had a bunch of bruises from November 3, but I never put in a report about myself. I imagine there were others like me”. In addition he points out that intergroup tensions were present, specifically “different political parties, particularly those with some form of democratic centralism, were sending their activists to our meetings with prepared arguments on what we should do next”, highlighting the presence of Trotskyist entryism which had a negative effect on group unity. As he highlighted earlier, “We had drive, but not direction”, and in conclusion “Long story short is that we failed to build on the momentum we had gained. And I think it comes down to organisation. Our equivalent groups in the UK very shortly afterwards had a similar headline grabbing protest, but in their case they were far better organised beforehand and in a better position to capitalise in the months ahead”. Another student activist who was chanting outside the Department of Finance during the sit-in, Páidí McCarrick, recalls that “It was completely non-violent and there was a sense of empowerment following the great energy that was on the demonstration. We were standing against a coalition who were sliding into oblivion and selling us out in the process. It was a nuisance of course, but that was the point. And it was something more than what had happened in previous years. The response from the Gardaí was pretty brutal and many of those caught up in the violence – which included kettling, violent dispersal, batoning, and horse charges – were likely on their very first demonstration. We were Celtic Tiger babies and that was the first taste of state power for many I’m sure” and that the movement “dissipated for a while as we dealt with that. I’m sure it was traumatic for many and as a group I think we could have dealt with that better”. He continues, saying that “FEE actions were always met with more violence and legal threats for the fact that they weren’t performative. The egging at UCD and Castlebar occupation brought a lot of stress towards the students in FEE and I think as a wider national network we should have handled that better in terms of support. Burnout, graduation and emigration, internal relationships all took its toll”. It is certain that the events of November 3rd 2010 marked a ‘traumatic departure’^[14] for the student movement in which protestors were confronted with the power of the state, shattering democratic illusions and revealing raw force behind liberal ideology. As a result of failing to reinscribe events within a shared discourse, unlike their counterparts in the United Kingdom who proclaimed the Millbank Tower clashes on November 10th 2010 as a symbol of defiance, the radical vanguard of the student movement had been weakened, and this undoubtedly affected the broader student movement and anti-austerity movement too. The state forces lockstep with the leadership of the official student movement, tightening into one rigid assemblage of disciplinary power, acting in the shadow of the despotic signifier of paternalism; and so at one point in time the students chant, hopeful to make change by appealing to the state, and at the next the state responds, and everything changes, as the students are struck by the batons of the Gardaí, and the horses are charged ahead, and skulls are cracked, and faces are streaked with blood, and screams are heard, and it is as such that this hammer is wielded, comes crashing down, on the people. The symbolic order is disrupted; the event cannot be assimilated; apathy sets in as the new signifier after the rupture. The message becomes: ‘Feign to fight back, performatively – do not cross this line!’. There was no Irish Corbynism because there was no Irish Millbank Tower; there is Irish apathy because there was Irish November 3rd 2010.

Figures 1-3: Moments of the ‘traumatic departure’ of November 3rd 2010^[15][16]

On November 18th 2010, over 2,000 Galway students from NUIG and the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) participated in a march, which passed without incident^[17]. USI claimed victory in the same month by preventing an immediate rise in the student fees to €3,000^[18]. On December 9th 2010, 1,500-2,000 students in Belfast protested against their own version of austerity imposed by Westminster which saw the possibility of people being charged up to £9,000 a year for tuition as well as cuts to financial support and were met with police violence^[19][20]. The groups involved were QUB FEE, Northern Ireland Public Service Alliance (NIPSA), secondary school-students and an assortment of leftist groups^[21]. About 30 students engaged in a sit-down protest and were met with heavy-handed police tactics^[22][23]. QUB Students’ Union (QUBSU) condemned the protest^[24]. In Derry, 300 took to the streets on the same day^[25]. The history of the student movement in the North of Ireland is contingent on that of its counterpart in the United Kingdom due to the continued occupation of the six counties, which will be discussed later.

Figure 4: Police remove students from their sit-down protest outside Belfast City Hall on the 9th of December 2010^[26]

In the South of Ireland, while an immediate rise to €3,000 was prevented, the increase to €2,000 in December 2010 already represented a burden on students’ access to education^[27]. At the time, the government coalition was composed of Fianna Fáil and the Green Party. Following this, USI once again claimed success by convincing the Labour Party’s education spokesperson Ruairi Quinn to sign a pledge binding him to opposing and campaigning against “any new form of third level fees including student loans, graduate taxes and any further increase in the Student Contribution” in February 2011^[28]. It soon became clear that declaring victory on this was premature too. Students, staff and families suspected that the government would break this pledge. Starting from March 2011, the government was composed of Fine Gael and the Labour Party. Within FEE, there was a split as the softer left (those aligned with the Labour Party) peeled off from the harder left (revolutionary socialists) once the coalition entered into force. Student activist Páidí McCarrick says that “the 2011 GE saw FF out but the betrayal of the students by Labour in coalition with FG. The signing of the giant pledge was one of the most performative pieces of politics I have ever seen. Tensions over this saw the Labour Youth faction peel away”.

Without institutional student power that is ready to engage in mass militant actions, having excluded them, the official student movement had no recourse but to further entrench itself in lobbyism. Meanwhile, on October 26th 2011, Occupy UCD was set up, a student affinity group for the Occupy Dame Street movement^[29]. At USI’s November 16th 2011 ‘Stop Fees, Save the Grant’ protest, radical student groups were forbidden from entering the student rally in an act of political discrimination^[30][31][32]. This protest attracted 15,000, with one student newspaper remarking the lower turnout^[33]. Sensing the heat, local and national student union officers attempted to replicate the radical strategies of the wing of the student movement that they sought to exclude. Lacking experience with direct action, and without the help of student militants, they floundered, making the mistake of coming in small numbers. On November 29th 2011, ten student union presidents attempted to occupy the Department of Enterprise Jobs and Innovation, but left once Gardaí arrived on scene. They left because they could not barricade the room and close the door, and so the Gardaí would have no trouble removing them. Four of them then proceeded to occupy the Department of Social Protection. They packed weeks worth of food and even a chemical toilet. They were arrested immediately^{[34][35][36][37]}. The fees pledge was then broken in December 2011^[38]. Starting from this date, USI entered an intensified period of distrusting mass movements, saw the moderate tendency cemented within its ranks, and having previously faced defeat in stopping fee increases, began a ritualistic pattern of holding the same milquetoast annual protest.

Figure 5: Gardaí and USI stewards form ‘human chain’ to block radical student groups from entering the march on November 16th 2011^[39]

This sort of planned press management which is substituted for mass action will become a key staple of the official student movement over the years. Its defining characteristic in this case is direct action with small numbers made up mostly by student representatives and in general, performative protesting. A research paper by Steve Conlon states: “The Irish student movement may hold demonstrations and pickets while engaged in a campaign, but direct action is usually confined to fringe groups or, in the case of the national students’ union – the Union of Students in Ireland (USI), a product of planned press management rather than any real attempt to show affinity with radical political action”^[40]. However, direct action continued, and on the November 30th 2011, students from FEE occupied government TD Brian Walsh’s office in Galway^[41]. Shortly after, on December 2nd 2011, a group of just eight students led by the Maynooth Students’ Union (MSU) occupied Fine Gael’s Anthony Lawlor’s constituency office^[42]. Student radical Páidí McCarrick noted the careerist streak and performativity inherent in the latter by stating that “the NUIM SU occupation of FG TD Anthony Lawlor’s office was part of this farce [of student union politics] – one of the participants is now a Fianna Fail TD who had temporarily disavowed his party following its electoral evisceration! The irony is not lost that Gary Redmond – who had condemned FEE’s department of finance occupation – also took part in an occupation in 2011 once FF were out of power“.

On April 15th 2012, an “astonishing array of groups” including students picketed the Labour Party conference at NUIG, ending in violent scenes^[43]. This initiative was not led or commented on by the local or national students’ union, indicating a distrust of grassroots organising and avenues of change-making that do not abide by respectability politics. By this time, the official student movement’s leadership on anti-austerity had substantially receded. For instance, USI’s leadership was attempting to change the organisation’s stance on exchequer-funding to a graduate tax at the May 2012^[44] Congress, which failed. Adam McGibbon, a delegate at this meeting, stated: “Despite all indications and expectations (including my own) being that delegates would back a graduate tax, only nine delegates voted for a graduate tax while ninety backed free education on the first count. Bizarrely, the status quo (the much-maligned and increasingly unaffordable ‘student contribution charge’) received eighty votes”^[45]. The pressure was still on the official student movement by radical groups. However, the fact that the question of whether or not to adopt a graduate tax regime was even broached is indicative of a political climate of apoliticism. “The apolitical turn of students (and most of their representatives) in the last decade and before is reflected in its workings. Its leadership often belongs to one of the two large right-wing parties that dominate Irish politics, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. Like those parties, they espouse no principles, only endless pragmatism. It has long forsaken ties with its most obvious allies – the trade union movement”^[46], he writes. Across the student movement, demoralisation set in and engagement started to dwindle.

Figure 6: Protestors and Gardaí clash outside of NUIG where the Labour Party conference was being hosted on April 15th 2012^[47]

History of Tuition Fees In Ireland Tuition fees for third-level were abolished in the mid-1990s, however, this has resulted in the government being tempted to slowly cut funding. While student numbers increased, so did taxpayer’s investments in academia, but the overall money available per-student has been decreasing. For example, real expenditure per student at third-level decreased from €10,806 in 2007 to €7,089 in 2016, a drop of 34.4%[48]. This is despite the fact that between 2007 and 2016, public spending on education increased by 5.1%[49]. The increases in funding are thus not enough to keep up with the increases in student numbers. It is simply not enough, and this has resulted in the corporatisation of academia, where they have to make up for the loss of state funding by operating like for-profit businesses, cutting courses and downsizing services like counselling. The process of corporatisation has also seen the loss of democracy within academia, with once-lively student and academic committees making decisions being replaced by closed, managerial and elite decision-making bodies. The so-called “Free Fees Initiative” introduced in the mid-90s quickly became a myth as student charges steadily increased. In 1996, the registration charge was €150. In 2006, it was €800. By 2007, this had risen to €825, and in 2008, it increased to €900. A significant jump occurred in 2009 when students were required to pay €1,500. In 2011, the fee rose to €2,000, followed by an increase to €2,250 in 2012. By 2013, students were paying €2,500, which climbed to €2,750 in 2014. Finally, in 2015, the charge reached €3,000, where it has remained ever since[50].

The year after, USI held a series of ‘regional protests’ in November 2012 against government proposals with the slogan ‘Fed Up? Stand Up!’^[51]. A €250 fee increase was planned for each year in succession until 2015 when it would reach €3,000 and further cuts to the maintenance grant were also in the works. This was a switch in strategy from a national to a local protest. The one in Cork on November 5th 2012 attracted 1,000 students from UCC and Cork Institute of Technology (CIT)^[52], with one student newspaper commenting that the turnout was lower than in previous years^[53]. On November 12th 2012, about 140 students at the Institute of Technology Tallaght (ITT) attempted to block Education Minister Ruairí Quinn from leaving campus^[54]. The protest in Galway involving NUIG, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) and Athlone Institute of Technology (AIT) on November 14th 2012 attracted a crowd of 3,000^[55]. On the same day, 100 students attended a debate in the Dáil gallery, with USI President John Logue refusing to leave and being arrested after the government voted not to freeze student fees^[56]. Over 500 students from Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT) and UCD attended a protest in Dún Laoghaire on November 19th 2012 at the Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore’s office^[57]. On the same day, students from St Angela’s College protested outside the office of Fine Gael TD John Perry, and students from Dundalk Institute of Technology (DkIT) targeted Fine Gael TD Peter Fitzpatrick^[58]. On November 21st 2012, 100 students in Belfast protested against cuts to financial supports^[59], organized by the National Union of Students – Union of Students in Ireland (NUS-USI) and their member unions. On November 22nd 2012, the USI held a protest outside the Department of Education^[60]. On November 29th 2012, members of UCD’s FEE branch attempted to egg Taoiseach Enda Kenny^[61][62]. On November 30th 2012, 70 students held a protest outside Labour Party TD Ciara Conway’s constituency office^[63]. Six Galway students, five of whom were student representatives, were arrested after staging a lock-in at Taoiseach Enda Kenny’s office in Castlebar to protest the impact of government budget cuts on students on December 12th 2012^[64] – yet another student union direct action with low numbers. Overall, about 4,500 students were mobilized this time around. In USI’s own reports, it can be seen that they do not host any further protests after this date as part of the national campaign^[65][66].

Figure 7: Students surrounding Ruarí Quinn’s car at ITT on November 12th 2012^[67]

The predictability of the protest cycle and the failure to build institutional student power that can exert pressure throughout the academic term is an error of the official student movement. On top of this, the relationship between student unions and trade unions was shaky at best, as a result of lacking mutual solidarity. For example, in the case of the November 29th 2009 public sector strike, at Trinity the student union supported the picket^[68], whereas in UCD they advised students to pass the picket line^[69][70]. Student-worker solidarity is a crucial aspect of any movement that seeks to challenge the commercialisation of academia.

At the same time, a lot of the radical groups were losing momentum, due to the myriad of factors mentioned by student activists: the ‘traumatic departure’ of November 3rd 2010, emigration affecting especially worse-off students (who made up a sizable proportion of the radical groups) and burnout to name a few. People who graduated also went on to join campaigns outside of academia such as the domestic version of the Occupy camps, the marriage equality referendum^[71] and the anti-water tax movement, but that is outside the scope of this analysis. This does not mean that the radical student movement was dead; in fact students were involved in the aforementioned campaigns. Notably, it was around this time that radical students set up their own media apparatus. In January 2013, Irish Student Left Online (ISLO) was founded, which was published until June 2014^[72]. This platform was used to continue the political struggle against the right-wing infiltration of the USI, with one article from March 2013 mentioning that both “Ógra Fianna Fáil and Labour Youth have subtly controlled the local and national unions for a considerable amount of time”^[73] and another from the same month lamenting that the passing of an anti-austerity motion at USI Congress was controversial^[74]. The struggle against austerity was thus both a struggle against the academic institution, the state, and the student unions who were inconsistent in their class allegiance, enmeshed in bureaucracy and focused on service provision rather than politics^[75].

A possible barrier to the radical student movement was the inability to agree on whether entryism and dual-power are viable strategies for local and national student unions, with various back-and-forths on this topic in ISLO. In the 2010-2015 period overall, radicals hardly participated in these structures via entryism, and certainly not to the extent of dual-power by running candidates for sabbatical officer positions. The left-wing of the student movement took inspiration from Quebec’s 2012 student strikes rather than events in the United Kingdom or elsewhere^[76]. The student unions in Quebec were much more radical at the outset, and so the students in Ireland were thinking of replicating this but in grassroots groups, because the radical transformation of the official student movement to that extent would be impossible within the time span and the liberal atmosphere they were working with.

Meanwhile, as these debates were taking place, students at QUB organized against their student union’s attempts to privatise and outsource security jobs, and collected over 1,200 signatures on the matter in one day, on April 30th 2013^[77]. In the QUBSU referendum triggered by the signatures held on May 9th 2013, 97% of students voted to oppose the outsourcing efforts with a total poll of 1,388^[78]. On May 13th 2013, QUBSU pledged an independent review of the outsourcing attempt following the referendum^[79].

At USI’s October 1st 2013 annual protest in Dublin, only 350 students showed up, with one student newspaper opinion piece commenting that the “USI have copyrighted the student’s movement and reinvented it as a powerless lobby group. They have turned away from action and towards suits, TDs’ offices and Buswell’s. They don’t want to rock the boat because they want to get into the boat” and that the “protest” had a faux-carnival atmosphere brought to us by the DIT Samba Soc, who we must have thanked at least 15 times”^[80]. The slogan was ‘Fight For Your Future Now’. 50 students showed up from TCD^[81]. USI changed its strategy from last year, and centralised responsibility for organizing the national action, but kept the regional approach^[82]. The messaging focused on sending a message to the government, not on criticising political parties^[83]. Apart from Dublin, there was a protest held in Cork involving UCC, Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT), Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT), ITT and IT Carlow, and Sligo involving Sligo IT, with a turnout of 1,000 and 2,000 students respectively^[84]. In total, around 3,500 students were mobilized nationwide. USI attempted to mobilize a 50,000 student voter list, but could only register a fraction of this, and did not give guidance as to voting out the government parties due to its apolitical approach^[85]. Local protests continued. Students at UL protested Taoiseach Enda Kenny on October 16th 2013^[86]. On October 19th 2013, the ‘Defend the University’ charter against austerity affecting academia was launched that students and staff could sign, and supported by the trade unions, spearheaded by revolutionary socialist and trade unionist Ronnie Munck^[87]. At the time, he said that workers and students “believe in the same thing… We believe in education as a public good””^[88], highlighting student-worker solidarity as a core tenet of challenging the commercialisation of academia. There was also a protest organized at UCD against rent hikes in 2013, but due to lack of sources the month and turnout remain unknown^[89], but it is most likely related to the campaign launched on November 19th 2013 about the unfair treatment of student residents by management^[90]. On December 4th 2013 students at St. Angela’s College in Sligo protested timetabling issues with political undertones^[91]. Overall, the number of protests dwindled. On March 6th 2014, NUIG students voted to support Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions against Israel (BDS) in a referendum^[92], becoming the first academic institution to do so in Ireland. This follows earlier academic-led initiatives for Palestine such as the Teachers’ Union of Ireland’s (TUI) endorsement of BDS in April 2013 and AFP’s open letter in February 2014 which reached 600 signatures^[93]. On March 20th 2014, TCD students voted to campaign against direct provision in a referendum^[94].

Figure 8: Students protest in Sligo on October 1st 2013^[95]

At the USI’s annual protest on October 8th 2014, around 6,000 attended, including students, staff and secondary-school pupils^[96]. The slogan was ‘Education Is’. A concerted effort was made by USI to court the support from trade unions^[97]. On October 28th 2014, QUB students voted for neutrality on the topic of Irish Unity in a referendum^[98]. In terms of organizing for Palestine, the groundwork was being laid around this time too for a nationwide campaign, building on the success of NUIG in March 2014. TCD Apartheid-Free Campaign earned the support of the TCD Graduate Students’ Union (TCDGSU) on November 12th 2014^[99] and was supported by Academics for Palestine TCD (TCD AFP), highlighting student-worker solidarity. The student movement was, on the whole, muted this year, but it picked up momentum soon. This is down to multiple factors. Firstly, researchers in the South of Ireland have noted that 2014 can be considered the start of a worsening housing crisis and homelessness crisis, and that this precipitated grassroots radicalism^[100]. Secondly, discussions surrounding the Cassells Report and the refusal of the government to rule out loan schemes in September 2014^[101] pushed the student movement to organize. Thirdly, austerity was intensifying in the North of Ireland too, for example with the neoliberal policy paper titled the Stormont House Agreement signed in December 2014^[102].

Graph 1: USI National Attendance 2010-2014

2015-2020

In March 2015, students at the National College of Art and Design (NCAD) organized in the group NCAD Student Action became the leading force of the radical student movement by spearheading an anti-marketisation campaign^[103]. NCAD Students’ Union (NCADSU) supported, but did not lead the protests. They demanded immediate reforms from Director Declan McGonagle, citing financial mismanagement, increasing student numbers, and lack of transparency. On March 17th 2015, a letter with demands was circulated, and by March 20th, 400 students delivered it to the director’s office. After McGonagle canceled a planned meeting on March 24th 2015, students staged a sit-in and later occupied the boardroom, demanding accountability. Despite a meeting on March 25th 2015, no resolution was reached. The student-led campaign gained support from staff, alumni and the USI, highlighting broader concerns about the financialisation of education. Dissent was in the air at TCD as well, with an article published on May 20th 2015 citing Board members criticising Provost Patrick Prendergast’s top-down, managerial attitude in pursuit of a commercial agenda^[104]. On May 28th 2015, students marched to the Department of Education as part of the NCAD campaign^[105].

Change was in the air as ideological attitudes, language and action with a predominantly leftist streak were creeping back into the student movement. The impetus was handed to the student movement by the discussions surrounding the Cassells’ Report leading to a “revival of student activism”^[106], for instance the refusals to rule out student loan schemes, which first came to the attention of students in September 2014^[107] and was part of ongoing discussions starting from that date, reiterated again in December 2015 in a more concrete way with additional proposals to increase student fees by €1,000 or €2,000^[108]. Lynn Ruane, a left-wing candidate, won the TCD Students’ Union (TCDSU) elections in February 2015, and took office in July 2015^[109]. On the other hand, Glenn Fitzpatrick, an activist who was involved in the anti-water charges movement, ran for USI Vice-President for Campaigns in March 2015. All TCDSU sabbatical officers endorsed his opponent, Kevin Donoghue, while one of them, Entertainments Officer Finn Murphy, publicly branded him as a “radical” who will not “negotiate”^[110], showing the divide in the student movement. He lost the election. On March 4th 2015, QUB students voted in a referendum^[111] organized by the QUB branch of the Socialist Party^[112] to support the trade union strike on the 13th March 2015 against cuts in public spending as part of the Stormont House Agreement and the Assembly budget.

Figure 9: NCAD students protest in March 2015^[113]

McGonagle ended up resigning on September 11th 2015 for personal reasons^[114], after a year of protests. On September 22nd 2015, USI announced that it will not be holding a national rally, replacing it with voter registration and awareness campaign starting October 6th 2015, cementing its position as a lobbyist group^[115]. The decision was taken by its Campaigns Subcommittee, which is usually composed of mostly full-time student representatives. The decline in participation precedes such a decision. It is natural for an organisation to abandon engaging in mass movements if it had failed to build a student base for mobilization – a trap that local student unions and national student unions have fallen into time and time again. Even student radicals would agree that the constant decline in participation suggests a protest is counter-productive, if all it does is demoralize the movement and show to the government that the official student movement cannot mobilize students, and is therefore not a threat. For instance, the failure to organise actions, agitate and build the student base after the national campaign period ends is a contributing factor to this tendency. The inflexibility of organizing a national campaign each year and then stepping back from leadership altogether is a core issue with local and national student unions. In fact, this was recognized by USI at the time and contributed to calling off the protest, showing that there was a growing recognition of the need to re-jig the approach.

In parallel, the student movement was re-igniting in different areas. On October 13th 2015, the UCD Socialist Workers and Amnesty International societies protested against the government’s refugee policy^[116]. Elsewhere, Fossil Free TCD was set up as a coalition of TCDSU and the Environmental Society on October 27th 2015^[117], and adopted a lobbyist approach to which TCD was receptive. The focus of this research, however, is the anti-austerity movement.

Around this time, TCD started to play a leading role in the student movement. A factor in this is UCD’s isolationist politics after leaving USI on February 27th 2013 to adopt a ‘local focus’^[118], leaving TCD to be the biggest university in Dublin, and hence the biggest university close to decision-makers in Dublin. The Irish political system is Dublin-centric. The election of Lynn Ruane to the seat of TCDSU Presidency marked the return of radical politics to the scene. On November 17th 2015, there was a debate held at TCDSU Council concerning the strategies to mobilize students^[119]. Ruane suggested a student strike across universities of one or two hours followed by mass disruptive demonstrations that bring the country to a halt for a brief period of time, combined with letter-writing and voter registration. The question of politicisation, i.e. telling students not to vote for government parties, was also raised in this public forum, but Ruane rejected this, presumably based on clause 1.4 of the TCDSU Constitution that mandated apoliticism.

At the same time, Students Against Fees (SAF), inspired by radical student movements in Quebec and Chile^[120], organized within TCDSU Council on the one hand, and grassroots action on the other. This marks a change in strategy towards an entryist one (albeit not going as far as running for sabbatical officer positions which would be a dual-power approach), whereas earlier groups tended to organise outside official structures, in what can be considered an “ultra-left” perspective. In fact, a few years later, at a public meeting held on August 11th 2018, former student activist Joe Loughnane involved in the November 2010 protests and FEE branded “shouting from the sidelines” as the biggest mistake their generation made^[121]; student activist Conall Ó’Dufaigh concurs, saying that “in this sense I agree with the comrade who said we spent too much time shouting from the side-lines, but the group had been overly ambitious in its first year and lost a lot of momentum as a result”. While Ruane tended to be on the left-wing of the student movement, TCDSU was still battling reactionary tendencies from within. On November 17th 2015, a motion to oppose the introduction of student loans failed to pass^[122]. SAF’s first public meeting was held on the December 3rd 2015, in response to the defeat of the motion^[123]. On December 11th 2015, 15 students from QUB occupied a floor of the university’s administration building for fossil fuel divestment^[124]. On December 15th 2015, SAF’s motion to oppose the introduction of student loans passed^[125]. On December 17th 2015, Fossil Free QUB and QUB management reached an agreement for divestment^[126]. On January 22nd 2016, a meeting was held to discuss introducing SAF to other third-level institutions^[127]. The construction of a student-worker alliance was important to SAF, and on February 3rd 2016, about 60 students from the TCD and Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) branches marched alongside striking workers from the TUI’s Institutes of Technology strike^[128][129]. On March 16th 2016, the Trinity branch of SAF reaffirmed its commitment to a grassroots structure rather than integrating as part of the student union^[130]. This was a group that was critical of the official student movement but engaged with it to advance its aims^[131][132]. On March 27th 2016, SAF took the Easter Rising commemorations as an opportunity to criticise the government with a banner drop at TCD^[133]. On April 6th 2016, another open meeting saw a steering committee established for SAF^[134]. That month also saw, on April 28th 2016, a protest against mental health services cuts jointly organised by Mental Health Reform and USI in which students played a large part by rallying delegations from TCDSU and UCD Students’ Union (UCDSU)^[135]. In May 2016, the Fine Gael-Labour Party coalition was dissolved, and in its place came the Fine Gael-Independents coalition.

Figure 10: QUB students stage sit in for fossil-fuel divestment on December 11th 2015^[136]

On July 11th 2016, the Cassells’ Report, developed over two years by the Expert Group on Future Funding for Higher Education, was released. Its purpose was to address the funding crisis facing third-level institutions. The report outlined three potential solutions: increasing State funding for all third-level institutions from 64% to approximately 80% while eliminating student fees entirely; maintaining the current €3,000 fee with a smaller increase in State funding from 64% to 72%; or introducing an income-contingent loan scheme while reducing the State’s contribution to between 55% and 60%. SAF did not just affect local student politics, but national student politics too, for instance student activists Eoin Ó Murchú and Conor Reddy wrote in a comment piece for a student newspaper: “The Phoenix and other media outlets cited SAF as being extremely influential in shaping USI President Annie Hoey’s approach to the fees crisis this year [2016/2017]. USI now campaigns explicitly for publicly funded higher education, having taken more moderate, reformist lines in the past.”^[137] On August 17th 2016, USI National Council voted to return to organizing a national rally, but keeping in line with its more moderate image, it should “not be labelled as a student protest” but will instead aim to highlight “the consensus and support” for a publicly-funded higher education system^[138]. This is a lobbyist attitude, but as noted, the USI was campaigning explicitly for an exchequer-funded third-level system. Reportedly, over 300 students took part in ‘March For Choice’ protest for abortion rights on September 24th 2016^[139]. On September 27th 2016, the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organization (INMO) protested outside the Dáil over a dispute of student internship credit recognition^[140]. A comment piece published on October 3rd 2016 in a student newspaper remarked the shift towards lobbyist strategies, including USI’s cancellation of last year’s national rally, its optics for this year’s national rally, as well as the set-up of the TCDSU Lobby Group^[141] over the summer period^[142].

SAF continued into this academic year, and on October 7th 2016, held a strategy meeting where student mobilization for the USI national rally was discussed^[143]. The USI ‘Education Is’ protest held on October 19th 2016 saw 10,000 to 12,000 students in attendance^[144] and was supported by students, lecturers and senior management^[145]. On November 16th 2016, despite an earlier motion passing on this issue, the TCDGSU rejected a BDS motion^[146]. SAF, on November 21st 2016, held a meeting to formalize its decision-making structures^[147]. On December 5th 2016, QUBSU voted for a BDS motion^[148]. On January 19th 2017, a student-led protest took place for the government to ratify the UN Disability Rights Convention^[149]. On January 24th 2017, a SAF motion to support a fully-exchequer funded education system passed TCDSU Council^[150] and SAF members criticised Provost Patrick Prendergast for his support for the loan-scheme and for his treatment of campus workers^[151]. On February 20th 2017, around 30 students from the TCD Students for Justice in Palestine (TCD SJP), the renamed TCD Apartheid-Free Campaign, disrupted a talk by the Israeli ambassador^[152]. They were fined €150 for it after disciplinary proceedings, and TCD refused to accept their 2,000-strong petition that was due to be delivered on February 24th 2017^[153]. On March 8th 2017, thousands of students took part in the #Strike4Repeal movement for abortion rights^[154]. On March 9th 2017, students from TCD People Before Profit (TCD PBP) and TCDSU held a talk on the need to end direct provision^[155] a few years after being mandated by a referendum that passed in March 2014^[156]. SAF supported Irish Unity in the non-binding referendum that was announced with the result of neutrality on March 15th 2017^[157]. Afterwards, TCD SJP attempted to mandate the TCDSU to support BDS against Israel, a position that was deeply unpopular with the liberal atmosphere of the student union at the time. On April 4th 2017, the motion was defeated, and sabbatical officers spoke against it^[158]. The President-elect, Kevin Keane, broke his pledge to TCD SJP that he made during election season, and spoke against the motion, resulting in controversy^[159]. Looking back at it from 2025, the reader might be reminded of the old adage, that upon the turning of history those who held conservative positions will always claim they were right there with the progressives. Regardless, the student movement was seeing a rising shift to the left, and would soon ignite.

Figure 11: TCD SJP disrupt talk by Israeli ambassador on February 20th 2017^[160]

In June 2017, the Fine Gael-Independents coalition was dissolved, to be replaced by another Fine Gael-Independents coalition. On September 30th 2017, thousands took to the street in the ‘March for Choice’ protest^[161]. On October 4th 2017, the USI ‘March for Education’ march attracted 6,000 students^{[162][163][164]}. Along with opposing student loans, USI called for the reversal of the 2011 and 2012 cuts to the student maintenance grant and a €250 reduction in student fees. This messaging, still coated in a call for public investment in education but less radical than the previous year’s broad focus on an exchequer-funded system, reveals a piece-meal reformist approach which hints at the short-termist shortcoming of USI’s structure. It has been mentioned before that USI does not seek to build student power. Firstly, this is because of its leadership, which tends to be liberal and trapped by a turn-over of a year-long academic term, hindering continuity politics. It is tunnel-visioned into asking for achievable wins within a short time-frame, rather than building long-term campaigns for greater wins. Secondly, it is because USI is de facto forbidden from doing so by its structure. Rather than a student union with a membership list, it is a service provider to student unions, hence it is trapped by whatever actions its associated members take. If it steps outside of this paradigm, it may be accused of going behind its membership’s back, which is not the students, but the student unions. While certain student unions at times may be more radical, some, and especially those outside of Dublin, have always lagged behind in political consciousness. Due to the structure of USI, consensus can be hard to find amongst student unions, hence its pull towards centrism. Grassroots organizing is thus structurally displaced by the need to lobby within national politics.

The radical student movement kept on organising. In August 2017, the Connolly Youth Movement (CYM), made up of a considerable number of students and with a particularly strong presence in Cork, occupied three vacant buildings near UCC^[165]. On October 7th 2017, a comment piece in a student newspaper recognised that the student movement has been growing steam over the recent period^[166]. On October 23rd 2017, SAF decided that it will focus on the housing crisis as a basis for organising, starting in the local context and escalating to a national level^[167]. At the same meeting, it was confirmed by the TCDSU President Kevin Keane in attendance that TCD increased postgraduate and non-EU student fees, but refused to disclose the exact amount, as sabbatical officers still respected confidentiality clauses at the time^[168]. The increase in fees was 5% and the decision was made on September 22nd 2017^[169]. On October 25th 2017, the TCDGSU voted to explore the option of striking^[170]. TCDGSU held an open town on November 13th 2017^[171].

At this point, it is important to note that SAF can be conceived of as a radical base from which various single-issue groups branched out. SAF was made up of TCD PBP members as well as assorted non-party left-wing activists. It is usually a minority vanguard who push issues and tap into mass support, leading to an explosion of political consciousness, and so there is a lot of crossover between activist groups. There was a lot of crossover between SAF and Fossil Free TCD, for example. The same for SAF and TCD SJP. Similarly, a campaign to boycott Aramark over its support for the direct provision system at TCD was launched on November 15th 2017^[172], and a contingent of students in the group participated in a march against direct provision on the 18th of November 2017^[173], and this also held considerable crossover with SAF. On November 20th 2017, TCD SJP announced its plans to organize the 500 signatures necessary to hold a referendum on BDS^[174]. TCDSU was mandated to specifically support the boycott aramark campaign on November 22nd 2017^[175], building on its earlier mandate against direct provision passed in 2014. The strategy of organizing in grassroots groups while securing student union support works well. It gives legitimacy to the cause while avoiding the pitfalls of the symbolic motion – the student union can be mandated to support a cause, but it is likely to remain on the policy book and no action will be taken if not for passionate activists. The student unions are thus dragged into various left-wing causes and this helps radicalize the movement overall. By this point, SAF was well-embedded in the TCDSU. The President at the time, Kevin Keane, was a run of the mill liberal, who was also accused of exclusively focusing on the ‘Repeal the 8th’ campaign as a way of building a political identity, rather than organising student power^[176], a way of acting which is by no means uncommon within the official student movement. On November 29th 2017, 30 students in ITT occupied the boardroom of the institution and conducted a sit-in over the institution’s failure to fund a full-time student union secretary^[177]. On December 9th 2017, students marched for disability rights once again^[178].

Figure 12: ITT Students’ Union sabbatical officers conduct sit-in protest on November 29th 2017^[179]

The increase in student fees alone did not catapult the student movement at TCD. However, on January 23rd 2018, students were made aware of TCD’s plans to introduce supplemental exam fees as a solution to pay for the deficit modular billing would create^[180]. In a non-binding referendum result returned on February 22nd 2018, students rejected the supplemental exam fee as a solution thereof^[181]. On the same day, QUB and Ulster University (UU) workers went on strike as part of a broader fightback, supported by QUBSU and UU Students’ Union (UUSU), highlighting the strengthening of student-worker solidarity and an overall shift to the left in the official student movement^[182][183]. On February 26th 2018, TCD SJP announced that it had collected the 500 signatures necessary for a referendum to be run on BDS, and in fact exceeded it by collecting 1,200 student names in total – indicating that the campus was undergoing a process of rapid politicisation^[184]. Disregarding this democratic mandate, on February 28th 2018, TCD approved a €450 supplemental exam fee^[185]. On March 2nd 2018, NUIG students voted to support Irish Unity^[186].

The decision of TCD to plow ahead with supplemental exam fees proved to be the spark that lit the powder keg. SAF pushed the TCDSU into an emergency town hall held on March 6th 2018, where students called for direct action in what became known as Take Back Trinity (TBT)^[187]. This is an example of the radical flank effect. Reflecting on the protests a few years later, a comment piece in a student newspaper describes how the student union supported the protests, “albeit late, albeit halfheartedly, albeit an ultimate co-option of student work”^[188]. Activists who were involved in TBT shared similar sentiments, but argued that working together with student unions is of paramount importance for any student movement, to the extent of acting as an external pressure group on them to ensure they stand up for the student interest. This is highlighted by comments from student activists reflecting on the events: “Conchúir Ó Rádaigh, one of the organisers of today’s summer school, spoke about relations between the students’ union and activists involved in Take Back Trinity. “I definitely think [TCDSU President] Kevin Keane never thought there would be an occupation”, he said, referring to the early stages of the group’s activities on campus”^[189]. This push-and-pull relationship between radicals and moderates permeates the decades, with the former pushing for action and the latter trying to stop action. The class allegiance of the official student movement never ceases to flip-flop throughout the history of the student movement since the 2010s. Reactionary attitudes pop up here and there even during the most radical of times.

Student Movement in the United Kingdom A brief comparative look at the student movement in the United Kingdom (UK) contrasted with the Irish one is an interesting case study. There is a diverging trajectory. In this analysis, we rely on secondary sources[190][191]. The student movement in the UK went down a similar, but ultimately different path. At the outset, it can be stated that radical leftism in the UK is grounded in historical tradition, and represents a stronger force than the Irish one. To repeat the words of student activist Conall Ó’Dufaigh about the November 3rd 2010 protest: “Our equivalent groups in the UK very shortly afterwards had a similar headline grabbing protest, but in their case they were far better organised beforehand and in a better position to capitalise in the months ahead”. There were also considerable links between the student movement and the broader anti-austerity movement, from which a broad coalition emerged (including Novara Media, Aaron Bastani, Ash Sarkar, Owen Jones) which eventually fed into Corybnism post-2015. Notably, a lot of socialist theory was produced, more in Britain than in Ireland during this time. When austerity hit, the defining moment for the student movement was the storming of Millbank Tower, the Conservative Party headquarters, on November 10th 2010 with about 1,000 participants, with an estimated 52,000 students and lecturers marching against the government’s proposal to triple tuition fees and cut grants[192]. The groups involved were the National Union of Students (NUS), the University and College Union (UCU) and the left-wing umbrella group, National Campaign Against Fees and Cuts (NCAFC). NCAFC was composed of a Trotskyist tendency, as well as an anarchist tendency, with the former preferring entryist and dual-power strategies for the NUS and the Labour Party, and the latter fetishizing direct action. Similarly to the Irish case, the NUS and its President Aaron Porter denounced the direct action taken by the student protestors at Millbank Tower. In addition, similarly as in the Irish case, national rallies called by the NUS (and sometimes the NCAFC) decreased in attendance further and further as the years went on and the movement faced defeat. In 2012, the coalition government of the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats tripled tuition fees to £9,000 per year. The Liberal Democrats, similarly to the Irish Labour Party, pledged not to increase tuition fees but broke their pledge. In 2017, this was raised to £9,250 per year by the Conservative Party majority government. For students from the North of Ireland, a ‘home fees’ system was introduced, capped at £3,465 per year in 2012 and £4,030 per year in 2017. Not all of the official student movement denounced the protestors, however. For example, Clare Solomon, President of the University of London Union (ULU) defended the events, highlighting a radical presence within official structures. In addition, the protestors capitalized on the clashes with the police, presenting it as a symbol of defiance, unlike the equivalent in Ireland, where activists were demoralized. Figures 13-15: Storming of Millbank Tower on November 10th 2010[193] In the UK, student-worker solidarity was noticeably present in the following years. Between 2011-2013, anti-capitalist discussion groups were organized, and the need to struggle alongside workers was highlighted, leading students to organize against pay cuts, outsourcing and casualization. In 2018, a new wave of lecturer strikes was said to have ignited class consciousness within the student body[194], and within the 2020s strikes student–worker solidarity remained strong. Starting 2015, a series of rent strikes were organized by students[195][196], highlighting that the socialist left was stronger in Britain than in Ireland, something that is also visible in the fact that UK students undertook rent strikes in the 2020s[197] whereas Irish students failed to do the same during Covid-19. However, within the radical student movement, the factions clashed with each other, leading to a loss of unity on the left, and the left clashed with the official student movement, resulting in overall disharmony. By 2015, the unity student networks had been dissolved, disintegrated into left-sectarianism, or transformed into single-issue groups. On the flip side, it can be stated that while the networks of the early 2010s had disintegrated, the rise of Corbynism resulted in renewed impetus for the student movement, revolving around the social-democratic Labour Party between 2015-2019. In Ireland, due to the marginality of the socialist left, there were heightened levels of unity, but similarly to the British case, radical students fought against, and sometimes within, the official structures. In the Irish case, this was mostly limited to student unions, and was done with a reduced scope – for example, not running for sabbatical officer positions – and only after 2015, whereas in Britain, both local student unions and the national student union (e.g. “Students’ Assembly Against Austerity” faction[198]) were targeted throughout. This difference is also down to the prevalence of entryist and dual-power approaches in British socialist politics. There is much more intensity and mass participation to the British left throughout, seen for example via attacks on the NUS for failing to back a 2014 NCAFC demo[199][200] and expressions of anger of the NUS failing at its job[201]. The radicals managed to mobilize students and keep their attention on student politics for a longer amount of time, at least until 2015 when disintegration kicked in. As such, just as in the Irish case, the attendance at national demonstrations, whether called by the NUS or NCAFC, declined further and further as the years went on, reflecting state repression, co-optation and disunity in the student movement, which was fragmented in Britain in a three-way split (Trotskyists, anarchists, and the official student movement), not a two-way split (radical students and the official student movement) like in Ireland. In 2017, just 1,000 students attended the national rally.

On March 7th 2018, around 100 students protested a meeting of the TCD Finance Committee^[202]. On the same day, students discovered that TCD was also proposing a student accommodation fee hike of €21 per week^[203]. This hike was defeated at the same meeting^[204]. On the same day, students flooded TCD’s social media pages with negative reviews^[205]. On March 8th 2018, Oisín Vince Culter, a self-described militant radical, was elected President of the TCDGSU^{[206][207][208]}. On the same day, it is worth highlighting that students were participating in another ‘March for Choice’ protest^[209]. On the same day, UCC students voted for Irish Unity in a referendum^[210]. On March 9th 2018, between 20 – 30 students blocked the main entrance to TCD as well as the Book of Kells. The tourist attraction is a source of income for the university – it earns the College approximately €10,000 per hour^[211]. The strategy was to target the reputation and finances of TCD. On March 13th 2018, around 50 students occupied the Dining Hall, marking this the first occupation of TCD since 2009^[212]. On the same day, hundreds of students participated in a rally outside of the Dining Hall^[213]. On the same day, UCD students voted to support Irish Unity in a referendum^[214]. On March 14th 2018, security privately-hired by TCD were instructed to lock down the Dining Hall^[215], resulting in a temporary occupation of another building, the Exam Hall^[216]. This was a focal point of the student movement, which earned national media attention, and on March 15th 2018, the protestors declared victory^[217].

Figures 15-19: Students protest the proposed €450 supplemental exam fees in March 2018^{[218][219][220][221]}

On March 22nd 2018, the TCDSU referendum to support BDS passed, and the organisation TCD Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (TCD BDS) was thus set up^[222]. Reflecting changes in the political climate, at the time of the referendum, both TCDSU President, Shane De Rís and TCDGSU President Oisín Vince Coulter expressed their support for BDS^[223].

Figure 20: Student activists cheer for the result of the TCDSU BDS referendum on March 22nd 2018^[224]

On March 26th 2018, DCU students started the ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ campaign against a 27% rise in student accommodation prices with a petition^[225], and earned the support of DCU Students’ Union (DCUSU) on the same day^[226]; organizers stated that the events were precipitated by the spread of ‘#BoycottShanowen’ on social media in early March 2018^[227] On March 27th 2018, TCDGSU threatened a strike if the fee increases were not withdrawn^[228]. On March 28th 2018, TCD agreed to scrap supplemental fees and to institute a policy of fee certainty^[229]. DCU students held a town hall on March 28th 2018^[230]. On March 29th 2018, DCU students held a protest march from DCU to the Shanowen residences^[231]. On March 30th 2018, ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ was discussed in the Dáil^[232].

Figure 21: DCU students protest at the Shanowen Residences on March 29th 2018^[233]

On April 1st 2018, UCD’s own grassroots group was set up, called UCD Free and Fair^[234], no doubt influenced by TBT^[235]. On April 3rd 2018, UCDSU passed a motion to support BDS^[236]. On the same day, a student newspaper opinion piece called for TBT to be expanded in scope^[237]. On April 5th 2018, 45 DCU students held a sleep-out as part of their campaign^[238]. On the same day, USI Congress passed a motion supporting BDS^[239]. On April 17th 2018, DCU as part of ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ held its own, albeit sparsely attended protest with dozen or so individuals against the student accommodation crisis at the Dáil, supported by Take Back Trinity^[240]. It was argued that this campaign and its copycats contributed to the passing of the Residential Tenancies Act (Amendment) Act 2019, which strengthened protections for student licensees, brought them under the remit of the Residential Tenancies Board (RTB) and capped rent increases at 4% on July 15th 2019^[241]. On May 5th 2018, NUIG Students’ Union (NUIGSU) set up a petition opposing a €1,000 rise in their student accommodation rents as part of the ‘Cúirt Shakedown’ campaign, inspired by the events in DCU^[242]. On the May 8th 2018, 400 NUIG students protested for the same campaign^[243]. The modus operandi of local campaigns that target national issues enable students to develop their self-identity as political subjects. These actions “can be understood as Badiou’s (2005, p.xii) conceptualisation of an ‘Event’ – a ‘type of rupture which opens up truths’ and disrupts the current situation. More specifically, an Event is a ‘rupture of an undecidable, general situation’ (the financialization of student housing), ‘by a unique and singularizing intervention’ ([e.g.] the Shanowen Shakedown campaign) (Calcagno, 2008, p. 1054). Badiou (2005) suggests an Event occurs when the excluded (in this case, students) appears on the social scene, suddenly and drastically, rupturing the appearance of normality (McLaverty-Robinson, 2014). In positioning Shanowen Shakedown as an Event, students therefore represent Badiou’s notion of political ‘subjects’^[244]. Participation in a struggle against a local manifestation of a national issue, such as the housing crisis, politicised students. Meanwhile, TCD’s fee certainty policy led to a reversal of the previously proposed 5% fee hikes for postgraduate and non-EU students on July 30th 2018^[245]. The question then remained as to what will happen to the energy of the student protests, whether they will continue and in what form, specifically its transformation from local campaigning to national campaigning.

Timeline for Government Decisions on Purpose-Built Student Accommodation[246]
1999	Section 50 of Finance Act 1999 – Provided capital expenditure relief for landlords of student accommodation. Expenditure incurred on student rental accommodation could be set against the rental income from the property and against other Irish rental income thus reducing the taxable income of the person incurring the expenditure. The qualifying period applied up to 31 December 2006, although under certain circumstances the qualifying period could be further extended to 31 July 2008.
2016	Rebuilding Ireland, an Action Plan for Housing and Homelessness launched. Included objectives to support greater provision of student accommodation.
July 2016	Circular released by Department of Housing permitting tourism use of PBSA outside of term time.
October 2016	Dublin City Development Plan (2016-2022) launched. Includes guidelines for the development of PBSA.
July 2017	National Student Accommodation Strategy launched.
July 2017	A ‘fast-track’ planning process is introduced. Strategic Housing Developments (SHD) allow planning applications of more than 200 plus student bed spaces to be made directly to Ireland’s national planning board, An Bord Pleanála, skipping local planning stage.
July 2017	Housing Finance Agency can now lend finance to academic institutions for student accommodation – Section 51 of the Planning and Development (Housing) and Residential Tenancies Act 2016 amended the Housing Finance Agency Act 1981 to enable the Housing Finance Agency (HFA) to lend to Institutes of Higher Education for the provision or management of student accommodation, including the acquisition of land for this purpose.
March 2018	‘Design Standards for New Apartments – Guidelines for Planning Authorities’ issued. Includes planning guidelines for the development of PBSA.
July 2018	Height restrictions are lifted on new city buildings, allowing for higher density building.
July 2019	Changes to legislation brings Student Specific Accommodation under the jurisdiction of the Residential Tenancies Board. Provides rights and responsibility to landlords, tenants and licensees under the Residential Tenancies Act (as amended). Also brings PBSA under rent cap legislation, preventing rents of PBSA in Rent Pressure Zones from rising more than 4% per annum.

The catalyst to mobilising was the housing crisis. Over the summer, TBT members engaged in direct action over the housing crisis, attempting to escalate the campaign and broaden its engagement by taking action outside the university’s walls. They were a crucial part of the Take Back the City (TBTC) group^[247], which on June 23rd 2018 held a housing forum and on July 28th 2018 held an event called the National Festival of Direct Action^[248]. On August 2nd 2018, NUIGSU’s RTB case against a private student accommodation provider increasing rents by 18% was heard, intended more so as a test case and a public relations exercise^[249] than a case they wanted to win. On August 7th 2018 TBTC occupied an empty property on Summerhill Parade^[250] and over 100 students participated in the march to the property^[251]. The summer school held on August 11th 2018 organized by TBT and UCD Fair and Free^[252] attempted to solidify the national focus of the groups as a flurry of activity was taking place, with students from TCD, DCU, NCAD, NUIG, UCD, IADT and UL present. This summer school included former FEE activists, indicating cultural exchange between generations of student radicals, and the strategic importance of influencing and taking over the official student movement was stressed. In turn, student activist Conall Ó’Dufaigh recounts that FEE activists benefited from cultural exchange with CFE activists, adding that a core issue is that “the high turnover of activists in student movements in general meant that all policies were effectively up for debate amongst largely new group of activists every few years. A lovely principle, but an organisational nightmare”.

On August 15th 2018 , TBTC occupied Customs House^[253]. On August 17th 2018, TBTC occupied an empty property on North Frederick Street. On August 23rd 2018, TBTC protested with around 30 people and demanded the resignation of Minister for Housing, Eoghan Murphy^[254]. On September 8th 2018 TBTC occupied an empty property at Belvedere Place^[255]. On September 11th 2018, the Gardaí violently evicted North Frederick Street, including TCD student activist Conor Reddy, injuring him^[256]. On the same day as the violent eviction, NUIGSU and GMIT Students’ Union (GMITSU) organised an overnight camp-out in Galway’s Eyre Square to protest the student accommodation crisis^[257]. TBTC organized a solidarity rally against the aforementioned violent eviction on September 12th 2018^[258]. Before this incident, student unions and the national student union distanced themselves from these actions, until being forced to condemn the Gardaí violence that ensued, and joined the aforementioned rally^[259]. On September 21st 2018, the USI was mandated by a TCDSU emergency motion to support the TBTC rally due to be held the next day^[260]. On September 22nd 2018, TBTC held a national day of action^[261], which included USI protesting outside a private student accommodation provider as well as a 500-strong protest crowd culminating in the occupation of Glebe House^[262]. The radical groups organised direct actions, while maintaining unity with moderate groups via marches. Within the Raise the Roof coalition, grassroots student groups, student unions and trade unions alongside community initiatives were all represented^[263]. On October 1st 2018, the CYM disrupted a meeting by Tánaiste Simon Coveney and raised questions about the housing crisis^[264]. On October 2nd 2018, TBT protested Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin’s visit to TCD^[265].

Figure 22: TBT protests Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin’s visit to TCD on October 2nd 2018^[266]

On October 3rd 2018, approximately 3,000 students marched from the Garden of Remembrance to Leinster House^[267]. This demonstration was organized by ‘Raise the Roof’, and students emphasized the impact of the housing crisis on students and called for immediate government action. The USI opted not to organize its own march for public funding for education, but to support this one, and was criticised for this decision^[268]. On October 9th 2018, Budget 2019 was released and allocated just a €57 million funding increase for higher-education, disappointing students, staff and senior management alike^[269]. TBTC continued with its actions, and on October 13th 2018 occupied an AirBNB^[270]. On October 16th 2018, a town hall was held where TBT members criticised the Irish Universities Association’s (IUA) lack of opposition to the government^[271]. The effects of TBT, however, could be felt in other academic institutions too, and not just for housing. At the same time as the housing actions were underway, DIT students protested against cuts to services and understaffing on October 18th 2018^[272]. TBTC continued its actions, and on November 21st 2018 occupied the Residential Tenancies Board (RTB) building. On November 29th 2018 held a banner drop from Ha’Penny Bridge^[273]. On the same day, as expected, it was discovered that NUIGSU lost its ‘Cúirt Shakedown’ case at the RTB, but achieved clarifications within the ruling that strengthen student licensee protections^[274].

Figure 23: TBTC occupation of Customs House on August 15th 2018^[275]

USI launched the Pharmacy Students’ Campaign Report with over 200 students in attendance on January 24th 2019 ^[276]. On February 19th 2019, a comment piece in a student newspaper criticised TCDSU ‘hack culture’^[277]. On March 1st 2019, Laura Beston, a TBT veteran, was elected TCDSU President^[278]. On March 6th 2019, TBT dropped a banner from TCD ahead of a housing march^[279]. On March 15th 2019, over 10,000 students, second-level and third-level, in Dublin alone took part in the global climate strike^[280]. On March 21st 2019, the USI held its annual protest for academia funding with the slogan ‘Fund the Future’^[281], with walkouts taking place all over the country. This protest, typically held in October of each academic year, was postponed to March as the USI chose to support the ‘Raise the Roof’ rally during that time instead. TCD attracted a crowd of 200 students to Front Square while 40 marched to the Department of Education, with TCD PBP members expressing scepticism about the USI’s approach to organizing, saying that ““Students must have a sense of ownership over this campaign. It can’t be a series of press launches, public statements or street carnivals like the education marches of previous years. If #FundOurFuture is to mean anything, it must be built on genuine mass student mobilisation and disobedience – people power.””^[282]. There is a lack of sources, considering that the protest was judged to have failed to capture public attention, but “thousands”^[283] took part, and walkouts were confirmed to be held in LIT^[284] and NUIG^[285]. This translates, as an approximation, to 1,000 to 2,000 students taking part. If generously combined with the earlier housing march, we can calculate with 5,000 students being mobilized by the student movement this year insofar as marches go. The USI’s role in activism has substantially receded by this point, its place taken by grassroots groups and local student unions. The student movement thus radicalizes, but focuses on direct action, and so the rising radicalism of the movement is not correlated with a rise in the active participation in marches. To this day, the student movement has not managed to regain its former glory, of tens of thousands of students marching, despite a radicalized student body that supports radical action. Students have lost faith in the liberal methods of organizing, and have turned to direct action, but have not yet managed to synthesize direct action with mass action after the ‘traumatic departure’ of the November 3rd 2010 events. On May 1st 2019, the CYM disrupted a Fine Gael meeting in Cork, including MEP Deirdre Clune^[286]. On May 19th 2019, a “small cohort” of students joined another housing march^[287]. Sometime in April 2019, UCD’s Anti-Casualization group was set up to advocate for the rights of precarious workers^[288]. On April 17th 2019, DCU students voted to support BDS after organizing by DCU Students for Justice in Palestine (DCU SJP)^[289].

Figure 24: CYM disrupt a Fine Gael meeting in Cork, including MEP Deirdre Clune on May 1st 2019^[290]

On June 21st 2019, students discovered that TCD increased Halls and on-campus rents by up to 6%^[291]. On September 20th 2019, thousands of secondary- and third-level students joined the global climate strike once again in Ireland^[292]. On October 1st 2019, the USI announced that it is cancelling its annual march with the slogan ‘Break the Barriers’ due to weather conditions, and will substitute it for another pre-budget action^[293]. There is no record of the USI organizing a substitute action. Meanwhile, student militants turned their attention to directly organising student tenants. Earlier, they had organized protests outside academia to target empty properties and the government, but now, they started focusing on student tenants directly. On September 26th 2019, the ‘Cut the Rent’ group was set up at TCD with the aim of organizing a rent strike^[294]. On October 29th 2019, TCDSU Council voted against support of the group as a result of the usual moderate squabbling over legal details^[295], and TCDSU President Lorna Beston, presumably under pressure from the authorities, abstained from the vote. On November 2nd 2019, the group affirmed its commitment to continuing organising despite the result^[296]. On November 7th 2019, about 30 students protested and penned a mock eviction notice outside the TCD Provost’s house^[297].

Figure 25: TCD students place mock eviction notice on Provost’s House on November 7th 2019^[298]

On November 15th 2019, the USI voted to support student rent strikes, under the leadership of Lorna Fitzpatrick, widely-considered to be a firebrand President^[299]. On November 19th 2019, TCDSU Council voted to support the ‘Cut the Rent’ group^[300]. It is significantly harder to organize a rent strike at an academic institution like TCD, namely because there are only 1,800 student tenants and campus accommodation is considered a privilege, as opposed to an academic institution like the University of Manchester, where 8,000 students live in university-owned accommodation and it is more common for students to do so. On November 27th 2019, the group announced that it will postpone the rent strike for the next academic year^[301]. On November 29th 2019, around 20 students from TCDSU and Extinction Rebellion TCD joined a protest outside the Dáil in protest of the government’s climate inaction^[302]. On the same day, UCDSU announced that its shops are BDS-compliant^[303][304]. On December 19th 2019, around 25 students protested against the deportation order of a Carlow College student who was also an immigrant^[305].

Graph 2: USI National Attendance 2010-2020

On January 30th 2020, UCD’s anti-commercialization grassroots group ‘Fix Our Education’ was set up^[306]. On February 4th 2020, about 70 postgraduate researchers, led by TCDSU, TCDGSU and the newly-formed Trinity PhD Workers’ Rights group protested against casual pay rates cuts, expressing a latent anger within the graduate workers community and precipitating future struggle^[307].

Figure 26: Postgraduate students protest at TCD over casual pay rates cuts on February 4th 2020^[308]

On February 18th 2020, UCDSU, UCD Fix Our Education and UCD Anti-Casualisation attracted a crowd of 100 in protest against UCD’s proposed 12% rent increase over three years^[309]. On February 20th 2020, students at TCD, jointly from the TCDSU and the Cut the Rent group, protested against the proposed rent increases and blocked Trinity’s Front Entrance^[310]. On the same day, DCU students launched their own Cut the Rent group against a 4% rent increase called “Strike The Rent Hike”^[311]. On the same day, UCD students held a sit-down protest in front of the governing body’s meeting in the UCD Student Center building over their 12% rent increase over 3 years^[312]. On February 24th 2020, DCUSU and their own Cut the Rent group protested on-campus^[313]. On the same day, UCCSU set up its ‘#OccupyTheQuad’ camp to protest a 19% rent-hike over three years^[314] with 100 participants^[315]. On the February 27th, 2020, TCD students once again protested by blocking off Trinity’s Front Entrance and dropping a banner from Regents’ House^[316]. On the same day, UCD and the NUIG set up their own camps, in protest of the 12% increase over 3 years and a 4% increase of rents respectively^[317]. UL wanted to introduce a 3.5% – 4% rise of rents, while MU wanted to raise rents by a 3%^[318] hike. This was met with student and staff opposition. On March 4th 2020, about 100 students in UCD attempted to storm senior management’s restaurant premises^[319], with trade union support^[320]. DCU and MU^[321] students were victorious. The movement against the financialization of student accommodation was gaining momentum.

Figure 27: Student encampment at UCC to protest rent increases set up on February 24th 2020^[322]

Suddenly, an abrupt stop. Covid-19 hit. On March 12th 2020, all schools, colleges and childcare facilities were ordered to close. Activism had to move online, but most of all, the radical student movement was disoriented and set back. The activity that continued was curtailed due to lockdown restrictions. On May 27th 2020, USI voted to lobby for rent suspensions during Covid-19^[323]. On June 8th 2020, UCD Anti-Casualisation suggested that graduate workers unionize, precipitating the fight of postgraduate researchers for workers rights that characterizes the following years^[324]. In June 2020, the Fine Gael-Independents coalition was dissolved, and in its place came the Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and Green Party coalition. TCDSU and USI continued to condemn the housing crisis, such as on July 17th 2020^[325].

The Covid-19 generation of student radicals who came to academia in September 2020 found themselves facing an altered battleground, a careerist student movement and student apathy. At TCD, falling in line with the general trend, the student union had receded into centrism. For a long time, nothing really happens. On December 16th 2020, the TCDSU launched a petition to reduce student fees^[326]. As a result of the generational cycle, the work of building radical institutions had to be re-started. At TCD, student radicals of the previous generation went on to graduate, entered academia, then went on to organise for postgraduate research working conditions. New radical institutions had to be organized for other matters. TCD PBP had been weakened and was no longer the vanguard of the radical wing of the student movement, limiting itself to postgraduate research issues, in which they continued to play a key role for the years to come. It was the birth of a synthesis of entryism transforming into dual-power that is as broad in scope as to advocate running for sabbatical officer positions combined with syncretic socialist politics, whereas entryism with a reduced scope itself was the birth of the synthesis between ultra-leftism and its clash with opportunism in the student movement: on March 8th 2021, Students4Change, an independent alliance of socialist students was officially born^[327].

Timeline

Date	Event	Category
1995	Free Fees Initiative is introduced	Government decision
1996	Student contribution charge at €150	Government decision
1999	Section 50 of Finance Act 1999 provides capital expenditure relief for landlords of student accommodation	Government decision
2004	CFE is set up in UCD	Student action
2006	Student contribution charge at €800	Government decision
2007	Student contribution charge at €825	Government decision
2008	Student contribution charge at €900	Government decision
May 7, 2008	Government coalition composed of Fianna Fáil, the Green Party, the Progressive Democrats is in force	Government decision
2009	Student contribution charge at €1,500	Government decision
Spring 2009	UCD FEE runs a slate of radical candidates for the UCDSU elections, but loses	Student action
November 29, 2009	Public sector strike	Political event
November 3, 2010	25,000-40,000 students march under USI, some occupied the Department of Finance resulting in police violence	Student action
November 10, 2010	Protest against police violence, organized by FEE and SIS	Student action
November 10, 2010	Rally called by NUS, supported by radical groups sees 25,000-50,000 students mobilize against Westminster plans to increase tuition fees, some storm Millbank Tower, resulting in police violence	Student action
November 18, 2010	Over 2,000 Galway students from NUIG and GMIT march	Student action
November 2010	USI claims victory in student fees battle	Political event
December 2010	Student registration charge rises to €2,000	Government decision
December 9, 2010	1,500-2,000 secondary-level and third-level students march against tuition fee rises and cuts in the North of Ireland, in Belfast and Derry	Student action
February 2011	USI once again claims success by convincing the Labour Party’s education spokesperson Ruairi Quinn to sign a pledge binding him to opposing and campaigning against “any new form of third level fees including student loans, graduate taxes and any further increase in the Student Contribution”	Political event
March 9, 2011	Government composed of Fianna Fáil, the Green Party, the Progressive Democrats dissolves	Government decision
March 9, 2011	Government coalition of Fine Gael and the Labour Party takes effect	Government decision
March 2011	Within FEE, there is a split as the softer left (those aligned with the Labour Party) peeled off from the harder left (revolutionary socialists) once the Labour Party entered into coalition with Fine Gael	Political event
October 26, 2011	Occupy UCD set up in solidarity with Occupy Dame Street	Political event
November 16, 2011	USI protest with 15,000 students; radical groups excluded	Student action
November 29, 2011	Student union presidents attempt to occupy the Department of Enterprise, then the Department of Social Protection	Student action
November 30, 2011	FEE occupies a government TD’s office in Galway	Student action
December 2, 2011	MSU occupies Fine Gael TD Anthony Lawlor’s office	Student action
April 15, 2012	Protests at the Labour Party conference in Galway	Student action
May 2012	USI leadership attempts to change the national student union’s position to support a graduate tax at Congress, but fails	Political event
2012	Student registration charge rises to €2,250	Government decision
2012	Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats in the United Kingdom increase tuition fee cap to £9,000	Government decision
November 5, 2012	USI regional protest in Cork attracts 1,000 students	Student action
November 12, 2012	About 140 students at the ITT attempt to block Education Minister Ruairí Quinn from leaving campus	Student action
November 14, 2012	Protest in Galway involving NUIG, GMIT and AIT attract a crowd of 3,000	Student action
November 14, 2012	100 students attend a debate in the Dáil gallery, with USI President John Logue refusing to leave and being arrested after the government voted not to freeze student fees	Student action
November 19, 2012	Over 500 students from IADT and UCD attend a protest in Dún Laoghaire at the Tánaiste Eamon Gilmore’s office	Student action
November 19, 2012	Students from St Angela’s College protest outside the office of Fine Gael TD John Perry	Student action
November 19, 2012	Students from DkIT target Fine Gael TD Peter Fitzpatrick	Student action
November 21, 2012	100 students in Belfast protest cuts to financial supports	Student action
November 22, 2012	USI holds a protest outside the Department of Education	Student action
November 29, 2012	UCD FEE attempts to egg Taoiseach Enda Kenny	Student action
November 30, 2012	70 students hold a protest outside Labour Party TD Ciara Conway’s constituency office	Student action
December 12, 2012	Six students arrested for occupying Enda Kenny’s office	Student action
2013	Student contribution charge at €2,500	Government decision
January 2013	ISLO is founded	Political event
February 27, 2013	UCD leaves USI to adopt a ‘local focus’	Political event
April 2013	TUI endorses BDS	Political event
April 30, 2013	QUB students collect 1,200 signatures in one day to resist the privatization of student union jobs	Student action
May 9, 2013	QUBSU referendum triggered by the signatures is held in which 97% of students vote to oppose the outsourcing efforts with a total poll of 1,388	Student action
May 13, 2013	QUBSU pledges an independent review of the outsourcing attempt following the referendum	Political event
July 29, 2013	USI withdraws its condemnation of the student breakaway group that occupied the Department of Finance on November 3rd 2010	Political event
October 1, 2013	USI annual protest in Dublin with 350, in Cork 1,000 and in Sligo 2,000 students	Student action
October 16, 2013	Students at UL protest Taoiseach Enda Kenny	Student action
October 19, 2013	A charter against austerity affecting academia is launched that students and staff could sign, and supported by the trade unions, spearheaded by revolutionary socialist trade unionist Ronnie Munck	Political event
November 19, 2013	UCDSU launch campaign to protect student residents’ rights	Student action
December 4, 2013	Students at St. Angela’s College in Sligo protest timetabling issues with political undertones	Student action
2014	Student contribution charge at €2,750	Government decision
February 2014	AFP’s open letter reaches more than 600 signatures	Political event
March 6, 2014	NUIG students vote for BDS in a referendum	Political event
March 20, 2014	TCDSU is mandated to campaign to end direct provision via referendum	Political event
September 2014	Government’s refusal to rule out student loan schemes comes to the attention of students	Government decision
October 8, 2014	USI annual protest, 6,000 students in attendance	Student action
October 28, 2014	QUB students vote for neutrality in Irish Unity	Political event
November 12, 2014	TCD Apartheid-Free Campaign earns the support of the TCDGSU	Political event
December 2014	Stormont House Agreement, a pro-austerity government policy, is published	Political event
2015	Student contribution charge at €3,000	Government decision
February 2015	Lynn Ruane wins TCDSU President elections	Political event
March 2015	Glenn Fitzpatrick runs for USI Vice-President for Campaigns and loses	Political event
March 4, 2015	QUB students vote to support upcoming trade union strike in a referendum	Political event
March 13, 2015	Trade union strike in the North of Ireland opposition to cuts in public spending as part of the Stormont House Agreement and the Assembly budget	Political event
March 17, 2015	NCAD Student Action begins organizing against marketization of education by circulating a letter	Student action
March 20, 2015	400 NCAD students deliver a letter of demands to the director’s office	Student action
March 24, 2015	NCAD students begin sit-in in boardroom	Student action
May 20, 2015	TCD students and staff speak out against the management style of Provost Patrick Prendergast	Political event
May 28, 2015	NCAD Student Action march to the Department of Education	Student action
July 2015	Lynn Ruane takes office as TCDSU President	Political event
September 11, 2015	NCAD Director resigns after protests	Political event
September 22, 2015	USI announces that it will not be holding a national rally	Political event
October 6, 2015	USI launches voter registration campaign instead of protest	Student action
October 13, 2015	UCD Socialist Workers and Amnesty International protest against government refugee policy	Student action
October 27, 2015	Fossil Free TCD is set up as a coalition of TCDSU and the Environmental Society	Political event
November 17, 2015	TCDSU debates a student strike proposal	Political event
November 17, 2015	At TCDSU Council, a motion to oppose the introduction of student loans fails to pass	Political event
December 2015	Government yet again refuses to rule out student loan schemes, and further proposed to increase student fees by €1000 or €2000	Government decision
December 3, 2015	First public meeting of SAF	Student action
December 11, 2015	QUB students occupy an administration building for fossil fuel divestment	Student action
December 15, 2015	SAF motion to oppose student loans passes	Political event
December 17, 2015	Fossil Free QUB and QUB management reaches an agreement for divestment	Political event
2016	Rebuilding Ireland, an Action Plan for Housing and Homelessness launches, includes objectives to support greater provision of student accommodation.	Government decision
January 17, 2016	A meeting is held to discuss introducing SAF to other third-level institutions	Student action
February 3, 2016	SAF’s TCD and DIT branches amassed 60 students to march in solidarity with striking workers from TUI’s Institutes of Technology strike	Student action
March 16, 2016	SAF reaffirms its commitment to grassroots organizing at a meeting	Student action
March 27, 2016	SAF stages a banner drop at TCD during Easter Rising commemorations	Student action
April 6, 2016	Another open meeting sees a steering committee established for SAF	Student action
April 28, 2016	Protest against mental health service cuts	Student action
May 6, 2016	Fine Gael-Labour Party coalition dissolves	Government decision
May 6, 2016	Fine Gael-Independents coalition forms	Government decision
July 2016	Department of Housing releases circular permitting tourism use of PBSA outside of term time	Government decision
July 11, 2016	Cassells’ Report on education funding releases	Political event
August 17, 2016	USI votes to return to organizing a national rally	Political event
September 24, 2016	Over 300 students take part in ‘March For Choice’ protest	Student action
September 27, 2016	Irish Nurses and Midwives Organization (INMO) protest outside the Dáil over a dispute of student internship credit recognition	Student action
October 2016	Dublin City Development Plan (2016-2022) launcheds, includes guidelines for the development of PBSA
October 3, 2016	A student newspaper remarks that the student movement has shifted towards a ‘lobbyist’ approach in recent years	Political event
October 7, 2016	SAF holds strategy meeting	Student action
October 19, 2016	USI national protest with 10,000-12,000 students	Student action
November 16, 2016	TCDGSU rejects a BDS motion	Political event
November 21, 2016	SAF votes to formalize its decision-making structures	Student action
December 5, 2016	QUBSU votes for a BDS motion	Political event
2017	Conservative Party majority government in the United Kingdom increases tuition fee cap to £9,250	Government decision
January 19, 2017	Student-led protest for UN Disability Rights Convention ratification	Student action
January 24, 2017	SAF motion for fully-exchequer funded education passes TCDSU Council	Political event
February 20, 2017	Around 30 students from the TCD SJP, the renamed TCD Apartheid-Free Campaign, disrupt a talk by the Israeli ambassador	Student action
February 24, 2017	TCD refuses to accept TCD SJP’s 2,000-strong petition	Student action
March 8, 2017	Thousands of students participate in #Strike4Repeal for abortion rights	Student action
March 9, 2017	Students from TCD PBP and TCDSU hold a talk on the need to end direct provision	Student action
March 15, 2017	TCDSU votes to remain neutral on Irish reunification	Political event
April 4, 2017	TCDSU Council rejects a BDS motion against Israel	Political event
June 14, 2017	Fine Gael-Independents coalition dissolves	Government decision
June 14, 2017	Fine Gael-Independents coalition forms	Government decision
July 2017	National Student Accommodation Strategy launches	Government decision
July 2017	Government introduces a ‘fast-track’ planning process for PBSA	Government decision
July 2017	Government allows Housing Finance Agency to lend finance to academic institutions for student accommodation	Government decision
August 2017	CYM occupies three vacant properties near UCC	Student action
September 22, 2017	TCD increases postgraduate and non-EU student fees	Political event
September 30, 2017	Thousands take to the streets in the ‘March for Choice’ protest	Student action
October 4, 2017	USI march with 6,000 students	Student action
October 7, 2017	A student newspaper remarks that the student movement is picking up steam	Political event
October 23, 2017	SAF decides to focus on the housing crisis at meeting	Student action
October 23, 2017	TCD students find out that management increased postgraduate and non-EU student fees	Political event
October 25, 2017	TCDGSU votes to explore the option of striking in response at meeting	Student action
November 13, 2017	TCDGSU holds an open town hall on fee increases	Student action
November 15, 2017	Campaign to boycott Aramark launches at TCD	Student action
November 18, 2017	TCD students participate in a march against direct provision	Student action
November 20, 2017	TCD SJP begin organizing for a Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) referendum	Student action
November 22, 2017	TCDSU officially supports the Boycott Aramark campaign	Political event
November 29, 2017	30 students at the Institute of Technology Tallaght occupy the boardroom in a sit-in protest	Student action
December 9, 2017	Students march for disability rights	Student action
January 23, 2018	Students learn of TCD’s plan to introduce supplemental exam fees	Political event
February 22, 2018	TCDSU referendum rejects supplemental exam fees	Political event
February 22, 2018	Workers at QUB and UU start strike action, supported by QUBSU and UUSU	Political event
February 26, 2018	TCD SJP announces it gathered 1,200 signatures for a BDS referendum	Political event
February 28, 2018	TCD approves a €450 supplemental exam fee, sparking protests	Political event
March 2018	Government issues ‘Design Standards for New Apartments – Guidelines for Planning Authorities’, includes planning guidelines for the development of PBSA	Government decision
March 2, 2018	NUIG students vote to support Irish Unity	Political event
March 6, 2018	Emergency TCDSU town hall leads to the formation of Take Back Trinity protests	Student action
March 7, 2018	100 students protest a meeting of the TCD Finance Committee; students flooded TCD social media with negative reviews	Student action
March 8, 2018	Oisín Vince Coulter, a self-described militant radical, is elected President of TCDGSU	Political event
March 8, 2018	Students participate in a mass march for abortion rights	Student action
March 8, 2018	UCC students vote to support Irish Unity	Political event
March 9, 2018	Students block the entrance to the Book of Kells in protest	Student action
March 9, 2018	UCD students vote to support Irish Unity	Political event
March 13, 2018	Students occupy the Dining Hall to protest supplemental exam fees	Student action
March 14, 2018	Privately-hired security lock down the Dining Hall at TCD as students continued the occupation and hundreds of students participate in a rally outside of the building	Student action
March 15, 2018	Students end their occupation at TCD, victorious	Political event
March 22, 2018	TCDSU referendum to support BDS passes	Political event
March 26, 2018	DCU students start the ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ campaign against a 27% rise in student accommodation prices	Student action
March 27, 2018	TCDGSU threatens to strike at meeting should TCD not withdraw the fee increases	Student action
March 28, 2018	TCD officially agrees to withdraw supplemental exam fees and institute a policy of fee certainty	Political event
March 28, 2018	DCU students hold town hall to discuss the ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ campaign	Student action
March 29, 2018	DCU students hold a march from campus to Shanowen Residences	Student action
March 30, 2018	DCU campaign is discussed in the Dáil	Political event
April 1, 2018	UCD’s own grassroots group is set up, called UCD Free and Fair, no doubt influenced by Take Back Trinity	Student action
April 3, 2018	Calls are made to expand the Take Back Trinity movement at meeting	Student action
April 3, 2018	UCDSU passes motion to support BDS	Political event
April 5, 2018	45 DCU students hold a sleep-out as part of their campaign	Student action
April 5, 2018	USI Congress passes motion to support BDS	Political event
April 17, 2018	DCU as part of ‘Shanowen Shakedown’ holds its own, albeit sparsely attended protest against the student accommodation crisis at the Dáil	Student action
May 5, 2018	NUIGSU sets up petition opposing a €1,000 rise in their student accommodation as part of the #CúirtShakedown campaign	Student action
May 8, 2018	400 NUIG students protest a €1,000 rise in their student accommodation as part of the #CúirtShakedown campaign	Student action
June 23, 2018	TBTC holds a housing forum	Student action
July 2018	Government lifts height restrictions on new city buildings, allowing for higher density building	Government decision
July 28, 2018	TBTC holds an event called the National Festival of Direct Action	Student action
July 30, 2018	TCD’s fee certainty policy leads to a reversal of the previously proposed 5% fee hikes for postgraduate and non-EU students	Political event
August 7, 2018	TBTC occupy empty property on Summerhill Parade and hold a march in which 100 students participate	Student action
August 11, 2018	Activist workshop held involving Take Back Trinity and FEE members and other assorted student radicals	Student action
August 15, 2018	Take Back Trinity members participate in the Custom House occupation	Student action
August 17, 2018	TBTC occupy an empty property on North Frederick Street	Student action
August 23, 2018	TBTC protest with around 30 people and demand the resignation of Minister for Housing, Eoghan Murphy	Student action
September 8, 2018	TBTC occupy an empty property at Belvedere Place	Student action
September 11, 2018	Gardaí violently evict North Frederick Street TBTC occupation, injuring TCD student activist Conor Reddy in the process	Political event
September 12, 2018	TBTC organize solidarity rally against North Frederick Street eviction, TCDSU joins rally	Student action
September 21, 2018	USI mandated by a TCDSU emergency motion to support the TBTC rally due to be held the next day	Political event
September 22, 2018	TBTC holds national day of action, including 500-strong march and occupation of Glebe House	Student action
October 1, 2018	CYM disrupt Tánaiste Simon Coveney over housing crisis	Student action
October 2, 2018	Students protest Leader of Fianna Fáil Micheál Martin at TCD	Student action
October 3, 2018	Around 3,000 students march from the Garden of Remembrance to Leinster House for a housing protest	Student action
October 9, 2018	Budget 2019 disappoints students with only a €57 million funding increase for higher education	Political event
October 13, 2018	TBTC activists occupy an Airbnb in protest of housing policies	Student action
October 16, 2018	TBTC hold town hall and criticise the IUA for its neoliberal policies	Student action
October 18, 2018	DIT students protest against cuts to services and understaffing	Student action
November 21, 2018	TBTC occupy the RTB as part of housing protests	Student action
November 29, 2018	TBTC hold banner drop from Ha’Penny Bridge	Student action
November 29, 2018	NUIGSU loses its ‘Cúirt Shakedown’ case at the RTB	Political event
January 24, 2019	USI launch the Pharmacy Students’ Campaign Report with over 200 students in attendance	Student action
February 19, 2019	Student newspaper comment piece criticises TCDSU ‘hack culture’	Political event
March 1, 2019	TBT veteran Laura Beston elected TCDSU President	Political event
March 6, 2019	TBT hold banner drop from TCD ahead of housing march	Student action
March 15, 2019	Over 10,000 students, second-level and third-level, in Dublin alone take part in the global climate strike	Student action
March 21, 2019	USI holds its annual protest for academia funding with walkouts taking place all over Ireland	Student action
May 1, 2019	CYM disrupt Fine Gael meeting in Cork	Student action
May 19, 2019	A “small cohort” of students join a housing march	Student action
April 2019	UCD’s Anti-Casualization group is set up to advocate for the rights of precarious workers	Student action
April 17, 2019	DCU students vote to support BDS after organizing by DCU SJP	Political event
June 21, 2019	Trinity increases campus and student accommodation rent by up to 6%	Political event
July 15, 2019	Residential Tenancies Act (Amendment) Act 2019 comes into effect	Political event
September 20, 2019	Thousands of Irish students participate in a global climate strike	Student action
September 26, 2019	‘Cut the Rent’ group is set up at TCD with the aim of organizing a rent strike	Student action
October 1, 2019	Hurricane Lorenzo causes the cancellation of the “Break the Barriers” demonstration	Political event
October 29, 2019	TCDSU Council votes against supporting the Cut the Rent campaign	Political event
November 2, 2019	Trinity housing activists commit at a meeting to continuing their organizing despite setbacks	Student action
November 7, 2019	30 students protest outside the TCD Provost’s house with a ‘mock eviction’ notice	Student action
November 15, 2019	USI vote to support student rent strikes	Political event
November 19, 2019	TCDSU Council vote to support the rent strike movement	Political event
November 27, 2019	Student housing activists postpone rent strike until the next academic year	Political event
November 29, 2019	TCDSU and Extinction Rebellion students protest outside the Dáil against climate inaction	Student action
November 29, 2019	UCDSU announces that its shops are BDS-compliant	Political event
December 19, 2019	Students protest the deportation order of a Carlow College student	Student action
January 30, 2019	UCD’s anti-commercialization grassroots group ‘Fix Our Education’ is set up	Student action
February 4, 2020	About 70 postgraduate researchers, led by TCDSU, TCDGSU and the newly-formed Trinity PhD Workers’ Rights group protest against casual pay rates cut	Student action
February 18, 2020	UCDSU, UCD Fix Our Education and UCD Anti-Casualisation attract a crowd of 100 in protest against UCD’s proposed 12% rent increase over three years	Student action
February 20, 2020	Students at TCD, jointly from the TCDSU and the Cut the Rent group, protest against the proposed rent increases and blocked Trinity’s Front Entrance	Student action
February 20, 2020	DCU students launch their own Cut the Rent group against rent increases	Student action
February 20, 2020	UCD students hold a sit-down protest in front of the governing body’s meeting in the UCD Student Center building over rent increases	Student action
February 24, 2020	DCUSU and DCU Cut the Rent group protest on-campus	Student action
February 24, 2020	UCCSU sets up its #OccupyTheQuad camp to protest a 19% rent-hike over three years	Student action
February 27, 2020	TCD students protest the rent increases by blocking off Trinity’s Front Entrance and dropping a banner from Regents’ House	Student action
February 27, 2020	UCD and the NUIG set up their own camps, in protest of the 12% increase over 3 years and a 4% increase of rents respectively	Student action
March 4, 2020	100 students in UCD attempt to storm senior management’s restaurant premises	Student action
March 12, 2020	Due to Covid-19, all schools, colleges and childcare facilities are ordered to close	Political event
May 27, 2020	USI votes to lobby for rent suspensions during Covid-19	Political event
June 8, 2020	UCD Anti-Casualisation suggest that graduate workers unionize	Student action
June 27, 2020	Fine Gael-Independents coalition dissolves	Government decision
June 27, 2020	Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and Green Party coalition forms	Government decision
July 17, 2020	TCDSU and USI condemn the housing crisis	Student action
December 16, 2020	TCDSU launch a petition to reduce student fees	Student action
March 8, 2021	Students4Change, an independent alliance of socialist students is officially born	Student action

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21. Ibid ↑
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45. Ibid ↑
46. Ibid ↑
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49. Ibid ↑
50. Flynn, S., & Education Editor. (2012, February 4). Third-level charges set to rise with further annual increases to 2015. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/third-level-charges-set-to-rise-with-further-annual-increases-to-2015-1.457026 ↑
51. Yost, C. (2012). USI regional marches to involve “thousands” in budget campaign. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2012/11/usi-regional-marches-to-involve-thousands-in-budget-campaign/ ↑
52. RTÉ News. (2012, November 5). Cork students march against possible fee hikes. RTE.ie; RTÉ.https://www.rte.ie/news/2012/1105/344330-cork-students-march-fees-budget/ ↑
53. Ellard Walsh , A. (2012, November 6). UCC Express. UCC Express. https://www.uccuniversityexpress.com/latestissue/first-national-usi-fed-up-stand-up-march-takes-place-in-cork ↑
54. Sinead O’Carroll. (2012a, November 12). IT Tallaght students stage protest against cuts. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/it-tallaght-students-stage-protest-against-cuts-671480-Nov2012/ ↑
55. Hilliard, M. (2012, November 15). Students protest over cuts to grants. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/students-protest-over-cuts-to-grants-1.551860 ↑
56. Leahy, J. (2012). USI President Arrested at Dáil Education Vote. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2012/11/usi-president-arrested-at-dail-education-vote/ ↑
57. Kennedy, J. (2012, November 19). Students protest outside Tánaiste’s office. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/students-protest-outside-tanaiste-s-office-1.749568 ↑
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61. Sinead O’Carroll. (2012, November 29). Enda Kenny “egged” at UCD. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/enda-kenny-egged-694721-Nov2012/ ↑
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63. KANE, C. (2012, November 30). Student protest at constituency office of Labour Party TD. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/student-protest-at-constituency-office-of-labour-party-td-1.558595 ↑
64. Kennedy, J. (2012b, December 12). Student protest at Kenny’s office. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/student-protest-at-kenny-s-office-1.754226 ↑
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68. University Times. (2009). Public sector strike renders College effectively shut down. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2009/11/public-sector-strike-renders-college-effectively-shut-down/ ↑
69. Wrenn, S. (2016, December 26). Former student activists look back on Garda brutality and USI neglect in wake of 2010 march – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/12/former-student-activists-look-back-on-garda-brutality-and-usi-neglect-in-wake-of-2010-march/ ↑
70. boards.ie. (2009, November 24). Aggression from SIPTU/IMPACT at UCD gates. Boards.ie – Now Ye’re Talkin’. https://www.boards.ie/discussion/2055749841/aggression-from-siptu-impact-at-ucd-gates ↑
71. Baker, S. (2015b). Students Played A Decisive Role in Achieving Marriage Equality, USI Hears. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/05/students-played-a-decisive-role-in-achieving-marriage-equality-usi-hears/ ↑
72. Irish Student Left Online. (n.d.). Irish Student Left Online. Irish Student Left Online. Retrieved January 9, 2025, from https://irishstudentleftonline.wordpress.com/ ↑
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74. Irish Student Left Online. (2013b, March 28). “Go Home UCD SU, You’re Drunk.” Irish Student Left Online. https://irishstudentleftonline.wordpress.com/2013/03/28/go-home-ucd-su-youre-drunk/ ↑
75. Gill, K. (2013, February 8). The Nature of Irish Student Politics. Irish Student Left Online. https://irishstudentleftonline.wordpress.com/2013/02/08/the-nature-of-irish-student-politics/ ↑
76. Irish Student Left Online. (2013b, August 20). Get Involved! Lessons from the Mass Student strike in Quebec, Irish University Speaking Tour. Irish Student Left Online. https://irishstudentleftonline.wordpress.com/2013/08/20/get-involved-lessons-from-the-mass-student-strike-in-quebec-irish-university-speaking-tour/ ↑
77. Ní Connalláin, S. (2013, May 2). QUB Students Resist Privatisation of Union Jobs. Irish Student Left Online. https://irishstudentleftonline.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/qub-students-resist-privatisation-of-union-jobs/ ↑
78. The Gown. (2013, May 11). 97% in Favour of Halt to Outsourcing as “Save Student Jobs” Referendum is Held. The Gown Online. https://thegownatqub.wordpress.com/2013/05/11/97-in-favour-of-halt-to-outsourcing-as-save-student-jobs-referendum-is-held/ ↑
79. The Gown. (2013b, May 16). Students’ Union Calls for an Independent Review of Security Following Referendum. The Gown Online. https://thegownatqub.wordpress.com/2013/05/16/students-union-calls-for-an-independent-review-of-security-following-referendum/ ↑
80. D. Joyce-Ahearne. (2013, October 16). The Student Doth Protest Too Little – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2013/10/the-student-doth-protest-too-little/ ↑
81. Healy, C. (2013, October). USI rally: disappointing tournout as students warn of Budget repercussions – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2013/10/usi-rally-disappointing-tournout-as-students-warn-of-budget-repercussions/ ↑
82. Ibid. ↑
83. Ibid. ↑
84. Hosford, P. (2013, October). Students protest cuts in third-level education. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/students-protest-to-protect-grant-1109742-Oct2013/ ↑
85. Duffy, R. (2013, October). Student grant protests planned across the country today. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/student-fees-1107175-Oct2013/ ↑
86. Sheridan, A. (2013). Student protests expected for Taoiseach’s UL visit. @Https://Twitter.com/Limerick_Leader; Limerick Live. https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local-news/89789/Student-protests-expected-for-Taoiseach-s.html ↑
87. Myatt, T. (2013). New Political Charter Seeks Large-Scale Reform of Irish Universities. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2013/10/new-political-charter-seeks-large-scale-reform-of-irish-universities/ ↑
88. Trinity News. (2014a). X (Formerly Twitter). https://x.com/Trinity_News/status/519822500340187136?t=5AirgibdIdrzmh_LNxEaGw&s=19 ↑
89. Guyett-Nicholson , R. (2015). News Analysis: Student Protests | University Observer. University Observer. https://universityobserver.ie/news-analysis-student-protests/ ↑
90. Sinead O’Carroll. (2013, November 19). UCD students complain of lack of respect on campus. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/ucd-students-residence-protest-1181585-Nov2013/ ↑
91. Gallagher, E. (2013, December 10). Students protest over timetabling. Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/regionals/sligo/news/students-protest-over-timetabling/29824894.html ↑
92. Ireland-Palestine Solidarity Campaign. (2014, March 8). Victory in Galway as NUIG Students’ Union votes to join BDS movement. Ipsc.ie. https://www.ipsc.ie/press-releases/victory-in-galway-as-nuig-students-union-votes-to-join-bds-movement ↑
93. Academics for Palestine. (2014, February 19). Irish Academics’ Pledge to Boycott Israel. Academics for Palestine. https://academicsforpalestine.org/2014/02/19/the-irish-academics-pledge-to-boycott-israel/ ↑
94. Byrne, L. (2014, March 20). Referendums On Direct Provision And The New Constitution Pass By Comfortable Margins. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2014/03/referendums-on-direct-provision-and-the-new-constitution-pass-comfortably/ ↑
95. ATU Sligo Students’ Union. (2013, October 1). Protest March at IT Sligo. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJcgEW4nu-E ↑
96. Leahy, J. (2014). 6,000 Attend Rally for Education. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2014/10/6000-attend-rally-for-education/ ↑
97. Leahy, J. (2014b). USI’s “Rally for Education” to be Held Ahead of Budget. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2014/10/usis-rally-for-education-to-be-held-ahead-of-budget/ ↑
98. Sweeney, J. (2014, October 28). Queen’s University Students’ Union stays neutral as Sinn Fein Irish unity motion fails. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/queens-university-students-union-stays-neutral-as-sinn-fein-irish-unity-motion-fails/30697552.html ↑
99. ^{Trinity News. (2014, November 18). “Anti-apartheid” campaign gathers momentum on campus – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2014/11/anti-apartheid-campaign-gathers-momentum-on-campus/} ↑
100. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
101. Heapy, E. (2014). Interview: Minister Jan O’Sullivan. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2014/09/interview-minister-jan-osullivan/ ↑
102. GOV.UK. (2014, December). The Stormont House Agreement. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-stormont-house-agreement ↑
103. Baker, S. (2015). At NCAD, Protests Resulting from the Trappings of a Shift in Ideology. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/03/at-ncad-protests-resulting-from-the-trappings-of-a-shift-in-idealogy/ ↑
104. Heaphy, E. (2015). Provost’s Lack of Respect at College Board Reflects Issues with his Chairing, say Board Members. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/05/provosts-lack-of-respect-at-college-board-reflects-issues-with-his-chairing-say-board-members/ ↑
105. Coulter, O. V. (2015, May 28). NCAD Student Action march to the Department of Education – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2015/05/ncad-student-action/ ↑
106. Wrenn, S. (2016a, October 18). A revival of student activism – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/10/a-revival-of-student-activism/ ↑
107. Heapy, E. (2014). Interview: Minister Jan O’Sullivan. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2014/09/interview-minister-jan-osullivan/ ↑
108. Heapy, E. (2015). Working Group Loan Package to Abolish Grants for Fees and Increase Charge to €4,000. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/12/working-group-loan-package-to-abolish-grants-for-fees-and-increase-charge-to-e4000/ ↑
109. Humphreys, J. (2015, February 13). Single mother who left school at 15 elected TCD SU president. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/single-mother-who-left-school-at-15-elected-tcd-su-president-1.2103372 ↑
110. Healy, C. (2015, March 10). Criticism of “negative campaigning” ahead of USI hustings – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2015/03/criticism-of-negative-campaigning-ahead-of-usi-hustings/ ↑
111. Muilleoir, T. Ó. (2015, March 4). Students vote to take strike action alongside trade unions. Belfast Media Group; Belfast Media. https://belfastmedia.com/qub-students-vote-to-take-strike-action-alongside-trade-unions ↑
112. Mc Govern, N. (2015, February 21). Queen’s Socialist students call referendum for strike. The Gown Online. https://thegownatqub.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/queens-socialist-students-call-referendum-for-strike/ ↑
113. Baker, S. (2015). At NCAD, Protests Resulting from the Trappings of a Shift in Ideology. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/03/at-ncad-protests-resulting-from-the-trappings-of-a-shift-in-idealogy/ ↑
114. Mulligan, M. (2015, September 11). NCAD director Declan McGonagle to step down from post – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2015/09/ncad-director-declan-mcgonagle-to-step-down-from-post/ ↑
115. Glynn, P. (2015). USI Cancels Annual Protest in Favour of National Day of Voter Registration. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/09/usi-cancels-annual-protest-in-favour-of-national-day-of-voter-registration/ ↑
116. Power, J. (2015, November 3). UCD Socialist Workers and Amnesty International Societies Protest Against Irish Refugee Policy | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/ucd-socialist-workers-and-amnesty-international-societies-protest-against-irish-refugee-policy/ ↑
117. McGrath, D. (2015). TCDSU to Call on Trinity to Divest from Fossil Fuels After Council Vote. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/10/tcdsu-to-begin-campaign-for-divestment-after-motion-passes/ ↑
118. Reilly, G. (2013). UCD students vote to leave national students’ union. Thejournal.ie. https://www.thejournal.ie/ucd-students-union-to-leave-usi-812180-Feb2013/ ↑
119. Doireann Ní Chonghaile. (2015, November 18). Students’ union discusses possible protests preceding the general election – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2015/11/students-union-discusses-possible-protests-preceding-the-general-election/ ↑
120. ^{O’Neill, R. (2016, February 25). We need a grassroots movement against fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/02/we-need-a-grassroots-movement-against-fees/} ↑
121. O’Mahony, E. (2018). Don’t Spurn Students’ Unions, Former Fees Activist Tells Take Back Trinity. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/08/dont-spurn-students-unions-former-fees-activist-tells-take-back-trinity/ ↑
122. Heaphy, E., Ó Néill, C., & Baker, S. (2015). Motion to Oppose Student Loans at TCDSU Council Fails. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2015/11/ruane-moves-to-mandate-union-to-oppose-student-loans-amid-working-group-speculation/ ↑
123. Keogan, A. (2015, December 3). Students Against Fees group vote to bring motion to SU council opposing student loans and increased fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2015/12/students-against-fees-group-vote-to-bring-motion-to-su-council-opposing-student-loans-and-increased-fees/ ↑
124. ^{Meredith, R. (2015, December 11). Queen’s University Belfast students stage fossil fuels sit-in. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-35075349} ↑
125. Keogan, A. (2015b, December 15). Motion to oppose increase in third level fees is passed – Trinity News. Trinity News.https://trinitynews.ie/2015/12/students-against-fees-motion-to-oppose-the-introduction-of-third-level-fees-is-passed/ ↑
126. USI PUBLICATIONS. (2015, December 17). The Union of Students in Ireland Praises Queen’s for Reaching Fossil Free Agreement | Union of Students in Ireland. Usi.ie. https://usi.ie/uncategorized/the-union-of-students-in-ireland-praises-queens-for-reaching-fossil-free-agreement/ ↑
127. Barra, C. de. (2016, January 23). Students Against Fees Plans Expansion To Other Universities – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/01/students-against-fees-plans-expansion-to-other-universities/ ↑
128. Dolliver, J. (2016, February 4). First Year, first rally: marching in solidarity with the TUI through the perspective of a recent activist – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/02/first-year-first-rally-marching-in-solidarity-with-the-tui-through-the-perspective-of-a-recent-activist/ ↑
129. McGrath, D. (2016). “Students Against Fees” March in Support of Institutes of Technology Strike. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/02/students-against-fees-march-in-support-of-institute-of-technology-strike/ ↑
130. Rafferty, B. (2016, March 16). Students Against Fees to be independent of, but work alongside, TCDSU – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/03/students-against-fees-to-be-independent-of-but-work-alongside-tcdsu/ ↑
131. Egan, S. (2016, December 13). Why we need Students Against Fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/12/why-we-need-students-against-fees/ ↑
132. Ó Murchú , E., & Reddy, C. (2016, December 9). The fees battleground: A stage for student radicalism – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/12/the-fees-battleground-a-stage-for-student-radicalism/ ↑
133. Barra, C. de. (2016b, March 27). Students Against Fees stage a banner drop to protest official 1916 commemorations – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/03/students-against-fees-stage-a-banner-drop-to-protest-official-1916-commemorations/ ↑
134. Rafferty, B. (2016b, April 6). Students Against Fees establishes steering committee to oversee running of group – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/04/students-against-fees-establishes-steering-committee-to-oversee-running-of-group/ ↑
135. Baker, S. (2016). In Protest of Mental Health Cuts, Students and Activists Rally Around the Country. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/04/in-protest-of-proposed-mental-health-cuts-students-and-activists-rally-around-the-country/ ↑
136. ^{Meredith, R. (2015, December 11). Queen’s University Belfast students stage fossil fuels sit-in. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-35075349} ↑
137. Ó Murchú , E., & Reddy, C. (2016, December 9). The fees battleground: A stage for student radicalism – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/12/the-fees-battleground-a-stage-for-student-radicalism/ ↑
138. Baker, S. (2016a). As Decisions on Funding Loom, USI to Revive National Demonstration Day. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/08/as-decisions-on-funding-loom-usi-to-revive-national-demonstration-day/ ↑
139. Foy, S. (2016). Student Groups Move Towards Lobbying in an Attempt to Effect Greater Change. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/10/student-groups-move-towards-lobbying-in-an-attempt-to-effect-greater-change/ ↑
140. Power, R. (2016). Protest Planned After Government Reverses Decision on Recognising Nursing Internship. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/09/protest-planned-after-government-reverses-decision-on-recognising-nursing-internship/ ↑
141. Foy, S. (2016). Student Groups Move Towards Lobbying in an Attempt to Effect Greater Change. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/10/student-groups-move-towards-lobbying-in-an-attempt-to-effect-greater-change/ ↑
142. Page-Cowman, R. (2016, October 14). Introducing the TCDSU Lobby Group – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/10/introducing-the-tcdsu-lobby-group/ ↑
143. Barra, C. de. (2016c, October 7). Students Against Fees holds its first public meeting of the academic year – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/10/students-against-fees-holds-its-first-public-meeting-of-the-academic-year/ ↑
144. Coulter, O. V. (2016, November 21). Students Against Fees formalise structure & plan future actions – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2016/11/students-against-fees-formalise-structure-plan-future-actions/ ↑
145. McMahon, C., & Power, R. (2016). Highlighting College’s Desire for a New Funding Model, Vice-Provost Reminds Students They’re Marching for “Future Generations.” Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/10/highlighting-colleges-desire-for-a-new-funding-model-vice-provost-reminds-students-theyre-marching-for-future-generations/ ↑
146. ^{Baker, S. (2016b). In Tight Vote, Graduate Student’s Union Rejects Motion to Endorse Academic Boycott of Israel. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2016/11/in-tight-vote-graduate-students-union-rejects-motion-to-endorse-academic-boycott-of-israel/} ↑
147. Ibid. ↑
148. QUBSU. (2022). Live Policy File. QUBSU. https://www.qubsu.org/media/Media,1432102,smxx.pdf ↑
149. Baker, S. (2017). Student-led Protest Calls on Government to Ratify UN Disability Rights Convention. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/01/student-led-protest-calls-on-government-to-ratify-un-disability-rights-convention/ ↑
150. Lynch, N. (2017, January 24). TCDSU Council votes to support free third level education – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/01/tcdsu-council-votes-to-support-free-third-level-education/ ↑
151. Kavanagh, C. (2017, January 24). Provost claims “we’re all coming from the same place” on funding issue in TCDSU Council address – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/01/provost-claims-were-all-coming-from-the-same-place-on-funding-issue-in-tcdsu-council-address/ ↑
152. ^{Lynch, N. (2017b, April 3). Students for Justice in Palestine fined for protest at Israeli ambassador talk – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/04/students-for-justice-in-palestine-fined-for-protest-at-israeli-ambassador-talk/} ↑
153. ^Ibid. ↑
154. Fox, K. (2017, March 8). #Strike4Repeal: Ireland protests abortion ban on International Women’s Day. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/03/08/health/ireland-abortion-strike-womens-day/index.html ↑
155. Trinity News. (2017, March 9). What is Direct Provision and why must it end? – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/03/what-is-direct-provision-and-why-must-it-end/ ↑
156. Khan, C. (2017). Finally, Students are Fighting Against Direct Provision. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/finally-students-are-fighting-against-direct-provision/ ↑
157. Moriarty, N. (2017, March 15). TCDSU votes to stay neutral on Irish reunification – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/03/tcdsu-votes-to-stay-neutral-on-irish-reunification/ ↑
158. ^{Foley, M. (2017a, April 4). TCDSU Council votes against motion to boycott Israel – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/04/tcdsu-council-votes-against-motion-to-boycott-israel/} ↑
159. ^{Daire O’Driscoll. (2017, April 6). TCDSU President-elect Kevin Keane in controversy after speaking against Israel boycott – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/04/tcdsu-president-elect-kevin-keane-in-controversy-after-speaking-against-israel-boycott/} ↑
160. ^{Lynch, N. (2017b, April 3). Students for Justice in Palestine fined for protest at Israeli ambassador talk – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/04/students-for-justice-in-palestine-fined-for-protest-at-israeli-ambassador-talk/} ↑
161. Slawson, N. (2017, September 30). Thousands march in Dublin calling for end to Ireland’s abortion ban. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/30/thousands-march-in-dublin-calling-for-end-to-irelands-abortion-ban ↑
162. RTÉ News. (2017). Students march for more investment in third-level. RTE.ie. https://www.rte.ie/news/2017/1004/909688-student-protest-education/ ↑
163. McGrath, D., & Egleston, N. (2017). It’s Time for Historic Decisions, USI President Tells 6,000-Strong Crowd at Education March. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/10/its-time-for-historic-decisions/ ↑
164. McNamee, K., & McGrath, D. (2017). “Ignore the Great Centrists”, 450-Strong Trinity Crowd Told Ahead of Education March. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/10/ignore-the-great-centrists-500-strong-trinity-crowd-told-ahead-of-education-march/ ↑
165. McGuinness, G. (2017, October 27). Group squat in Cork house to highlight crisis. Echo Live; echolive.ie. https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40175724.html ↑
166. McGuinness, P. (2017). In the Years Ahead, Student Activists Need to Stay Mobilised and Engaged. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/10/in-the-years-ahead-student-activists-need-to-stay-mobilised-and-engaged/ ↑
167. Foley, M. (2017, October 23). Students Against Fees decide to campaign against the housing crisis – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/10/students-against-fees-decide-to-campaign-against-the-housing-crisis/ ↑
168. Lynch, N. (2017b, October 23). SU President confirms increase in fees for postgraduate and non-EU undergraduate students – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/10/su-president-confirms-increase-in-fees-for-postgraduate-and-non-eu-undergraduate-students/ ↑
169. Lynch, N. (2017c, October 24). College approves 5% increase in fees for postgraduates and non-EU undergraduate students – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/10/college-approves-5-increase-in-fees-for-postgraduates-and-non-eu-undergraduate-students/ ↑
170. ^{O’Neill, R. (2017, October 25). GSU votes to explore industrial action – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/10/gsu-votes-to-explore-industrial-action/} ↑
171. Lynch, N. (2017d, November 13). Graduate Students’ Union holds town hall meeting to discuss 5% increase in fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/11/graduate-students-union-gsu-holds-town-hall-meeting-to-discuss-5-increase-in-fees/ ↑
172. O’Mahony, E., & Molloy, C. (2017). Campaign to Boycott Hamilton Cafes Launches. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/campaign-to-boycott-hamilton-cafes-launches/ ↑
173. Molloy, C. (2017). Small Contingent of Trinity Students Joins Direct Provision Demonstration. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/small-contingent-of-trinity-students-join-direct-provision-demonstration/ ↑
174. ^{Meehan, S. (2017, November 20). Students for Justice in Palestine launch campaign for boycott of Israel on anti-apartheid grounds – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/11/students-against-palestine-launch-campaign-for-boycott-of-israel-on-anti-apartheid-grounds/} ↑
175. Marren, A. (2017). TCDSU to Lobby College Against Renewing Aramark Deal. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/tcdsu-to-lobby-college-against-renewing-aramark-deal/ ↑
176. ^{O’Sullivan, R. (2017, December 6). Kevin Keane’s focus on Repeal is killing student activism – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/12/kevin-keanes-focus-on-repeal-is-killing-student-activism/} ↑
177. ^{McGrath, D. (2017). Tallaght IT Students Stage Sit-In, as College Fails to Hire Union Secretary. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/tallaght-it-students-stage-sit-in-as-college-fails-to-hire-union-secretary/} ↑
178. McNamee, K. (2017). Trinity Students March for Disability Rights. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/12/trinity-students-march-for-disability-rights/ ↑
179. ^{McGrath, D. (2017). Tallaght IT Students Stage Sit-In, as College Fails to Hire Union Secretary. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/11/tallaght-it-students-stage-sit-in-as-college-fails-to-hire-union-secretary/} ↑
180. Marren, A., & MacNamee, A. (2018). TCDSU Calls Preferendum on Supplemental Fee Proposal. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/01/tcdsu-calls-preferendum-on-supplemental-fee-proposal/ ↑
181. MacNamee, D. (2018). Trinity Students Opt to Oppose Supplemental Fees. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/02/trinity-students-opt-to-oppose-supplemental-fees/ ↑
182. Doyle, S. (2018, February 22). Full list of universities starting strike action. The Irish News; irishnews.com. https://www.irishnews.com/news/educationnews/2018/02/22/news/university-staff-start-strike-action-1260985/ ↑
183. Meredith, R. (2018, February 22). Lecturers on strike at Queen’s and Ulster universities. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-43147137 ↑
184. ^{Davis, S. (2018, February 26). SJP submits petition for TCDSU referendum on Israeli boycott – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/02/sjp-submits-petition-for-tcdsu-referendum-on-israeli-boycott/} ↑
185. McGrath , D., & O’Mahony, E. (2018). The Two Supplemental Fee Options Trinity Rejected. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/the-two-supplemental-fee-options-trinity-rejected/ ↑
186. Baker, S. (2017b, March 9). UCD Students Vote to Support the Reunification of Ireland. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/03/ucd-students-vote-to-support-the-reunification-of-ireland/ ↑
187. O’Neill, R. (2018, March 6). Students call for direct action against supplemental exam fees at emergency meeting – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/students-call-for-direct-action-against-supplemental-exam-fees-at-emergency-meeting/ ↑
188. Tighe, S. F. (2021, November 3). The Students’ Union should be working for students, not for College – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2021/11/the-students-union-should-be-working-for-students-not-for-college/ ↑
189. O’Mahony, E. (2018). Don’t Spurn Students’ Unions, Former Fees Activist Tells Take Back Trinity. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/08/dont-spurn-students-unions-former-fees-activist-tells-take-back-trinity/ ↑
190. PICKARD, S. (2014). Divided and Ruined: The Failed Student Protests In Great Britain. XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268091873_Divided_and_Ruined_The_Failed_Student_Protests_In_Great_Britain ↑
191. Internationalist Communist Tendency. (2019). Reflections on the Student Movement in the UK. Libcom.org. https://libcom.org/article/reflections-student-movement-uk ↑
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193. McSmith, A. (2010, November 11). In Pictures: Rioters storm Millbank Conservative Party HQ in London. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/in-pictures-rioters-storm-millbank-conservative-party-hq-in-london/28570007.html ↑
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195. Worsdale, H., & Cant, C. (2015, October 18). 4 Reasons the UCL Rent Strike Victory is Important for All Students. Novara Media. https://novaramedia.com/2015/10/18/4-reasons-the-ucl-rent-strike-victory-is-important-for-all-students/ ↑
196. Ratcliffe, R. (2016, September 17). University students across UK prepare for wave of rent strikes. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/sep/17/uk-university-students-rent-strike-rising-cost-accommodation ↑
197. Wall, T. (2020, December 6). “We won’t be cash cows”: UK students plan the largest rent strike in 40 years. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/dec/06/we-wont-be-cash-cows-uk-students-plan-the-largest-rent-strike-in-40-years ↑
198. Elliott, J. (2013, October 2). Anti-austerity group fighting cuts urges students to attend London rally. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/oct/02/anti-austerity-cuts-students-london-rally ↑
199. Young-Powell, A. (2014, November 5). NUS withdraws support for national student demo over safety concerns. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/nov/05/nus-withdraws-support-for-national-student-demo-over-safety-concerns ↑
200. Taylor, M. (2014, November 19). Student protest over tuition fees ends in scuffles with police. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/nov/19/student-protest-tuition-fees-scuffles-police ↑
201. Guardian. (2012, November 21). Demo 2012: student rally disrupted by hecklers. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/nov/21/demo-2012-student-rally-disrupted-by-hecklers ↑
202. ^{Lynch, N. (2018, March 7). TCDSU protests Finance Committee meeting – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/tcdsu-protests-finance-committee-meeting/} ↑
203. ^{McGrath, D. (2018b). Trinity to Propose Accommodation Fee Jump. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/trinity-to-propose-accommodation-fee-jump/} ↑
204. ^{Power , R., & McGrath, D. (2018). In Face of Opposition, Trinity Relents On Accommodation Price Increase. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/in-face-of-opposition-trinity-relents-on-accommodation-price-increase/} ↑
205. ^{Foley, M. (2018, March 7). Widespread protest messages flood Trinity’s official social media – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/widespread-protest-messages-flood-trinitys-official-social-media/} ↑
206. ^{Synnott, J. (2018). Oisín Coulter Elected President of GSU. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/oisin-coulter-elected-president-of-gsu/} ↑
207. ^{Marren, A. (2018). Oisín Coulter Promises to Put Pickets and Postgraduates First. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/oisin-coulter-promises-to-put-pickets-and-postgraduates-first/} ↑
208. ^{Coulter, O. V. (2018, April 3). It’s time to bring Take Back Trinity a step further – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/04/its-time-to-bring-take-back-trinity-a-step-further/} ↑
209. ^{Hughes, S. (2018, March 8). Trinity students join march for repeal of eighth amendment – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/trinity-students-join-march-for-repeal-of-the-eight-amendment/} ↑
210. Davy, A. (2017, March 8). UCC Students’ Union votes to support Irish reunification – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2017/03/university-college-cork-votes-to-support-irish-reunification/ ↑
211. ^{Cian Mac Lochlainn. (2018, March 9). Students block Front entrance and Book of Kells in protest – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/students-block-front-entrance-and-book-of-kells-in-protest/} ↑
212. ^{Grace, A. (2018, March 13). Students occupy Dining Hall in latest protest against supplemental exam fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/students-occupy-dining-hall-in-latest-protest-against-supplemental-exam-fees/} ↑
213. ^{Whelan, H. (2018, March 13). “Take Back Trinity” resounds around Front Square at rally against fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/03/take-back-trinity-resounds-around-front-square-at-rally-against-fees/} ↑
214. Baker, S. (2017b, March 9). UCD Students Vote to Support the Reunification of Ireland. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2017/03/ucd-students-vote-to-support-the-reunification-of-ireland/ ↑
215. ^{McDermott, S. (2018, March 14). Security locks down Trinity College building as students stage protest. Irish Mirror. https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/education/security-locks-down-trinity-college-12189068} ↑
216. ^{Harrington, H. (2018, September 16). Take Back Trinity: a radical reminder – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/09/take-back-trinity-a-radical-reminder/} ↑
217. ^{Caollaí, É. Ó. (2018, March 15). Students announce end of TCD occupation. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/students-announce-end-of-tcd-occupation-1.3428258} ↑
218. Kelly, E. O. (2018). Trinity students end college occupation in fees protest. RTE.ie. https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2018/0315/947598-trinity-college-protest/ ↑
219. Take Back Trinity. (2022). Facebook. Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=487484166716750&set=a.487484143383419 ↑
220. Boland, L. (2018a, July 24). Anna Cosgrave and Joe Caslin to speak at Take Back Trinity summer workshops – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/07/anna-cosgrave-and-joe-caslin-to-speak-at-take-back-trinity-summer-workshops/ ↑
221. McGrath, D. (2018a). Students Blockade Book of Kells, as Protests Continue. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/students-blockade-book-of-kells-as-protests-continue/ ↑
222. ^{Molloy, C. (2018). Students Vote to Support Israel Boycott. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/students-vote-to-support-israel-boycott/?doing_wp_cron=1736880797.6728630065917968750000} ↑
223. Moran, S. (2019, April 17). 82% of DCU students vote to affiliate with BDS movement – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/04/82-of-dcu-students-vote-to-affiliate-with-bds-movement/ ↑
224. ^{Molloy, C. (2018). Students Vote to Support Israel Boycott. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/students-vote-to-support-israel-boycott/?doing_wp_cron=1736880797.6728630065917968750000} ↑
225. Harper, A. (2018, March 26). Stop taking advantage of students. Let’s make accommodation affordable. Change.org. https://www.change.org/p/stop-taking-advantage-of-students-let-s-make-accommodation-affordable ↑
226. DCU Students’ Union. (2018). X (Formerly Twitter). https://x.com/DCUSU/status/978327548017995776 ↑
227. Reynolds, A. (2023, March). The financialisation of Purpose Built Student Accommodation: Transforming landscapes of the city, housing, and student lives in Dublin. University of London. https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/61278355/2024reynoldsaphd.pdf ↑
228. ^{Kearins, A. (2018). GSU Promises Action, if Take Back Trinity Demands Rejected. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/gsu-promises-action-if-take-back-trinity-demands-rejected/} ↑
229. ^{McGrath, D. (2018). Trinity Agrees to Scrap Supplemental Exam Fees. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/03/trinity-agrees-to-scrap-supplemental-exam-fees/} ↑
230. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
231. Ibid ↑
232. Ibid ↑
233. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
234. ^{UCD Fair and Free. (2018). UCD Fair and Free. Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/ucdfairandfree/posts/pfbid0YQntShtqTAVzbMkcMRMuYno4i4woXzhLxTUvoj3G5vNeTLfdrX1o2KzEzDueLiqfl} ↑
235. ^{Brennan , A. (2018, April 10). Where Have All The Activists Gone? | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/where-have-all-the-activists-gone/?fbclid=IwY2xjawH0rwtleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHUVkNE1Pc79w6v-D-y3c7s27M5Fcox–a2SzyGjFbFcqXwlO-oG66F6hOw_aem_sx1Tvp_OwliPnTAEe-2YLg} ↑
236. O’Shea, M. (2019, January 29). Alumni Group Announce Campaign To Oppose Boycotts of Israel In Academic Institutions | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/alumni-group-announce-campaign-to-oppose-boycotts-of-israel-in-academic-institutions/ ↑
237. Coulter, O. V. (2018, April 3). It’s time to bring Take Back Trinity a step further – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/04/its-time-to-bring-take-back-trinity-a-step-further/ ↑
238. ^{Caden , C. (2018, April 18). Over 45 students “sleepout” for Shanowen Shakedown Part 2 – The College View. The College View. https://thecollegeview.ie/2018/04/18/over-45-students-sleepout-for-shanowen-shakedown-part-2/} ↑
239. USI PUBLICATIONS. (2018, April 5). Students vote to support justice and human rights for Palestine by backing BDS campaign | Union of Students in Ireland. Usi.ie. https://usi.ie/campaigns/students-vote-to-support-justice-and-human-rights-for-palestine-by-backing-bds-campaign/ ↑
240. ^{McGrath, D., & Power, R. (2018). DCU Dáil Protest Disappoints, as Shanowen Shakedown Falters. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/04/dcu-dail-protest-disappoints-as-shanowen-shakedown-falters/} ↑
241. Ibid ↑
242. ^{NUI Galway Students’ Union. (2018, May 5). To Stop the rent increases of up to €1000 for the academic year 18/19 by Cúirt na Coiribe. Change.org. https://www.change.org/p/c%C3%BAirt-na-coiribe-to-stop-the-rent-increases-of-up-to-1000-for-the-academic-year-18-19-by-c%C3%BAirt-na-coiribe} ↑
243. ^{McGuire, T. (2018, May 8). #CúirtShakedown: students protest €1000 rent hike. Student Independent News. https://sin.ie/2018/05/08/cuirtshakedown-students-protest-e1000-rent-hike/} ↑
244. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
245. ^{Boland, L. (2018, July 30). Trinity reverses decision to increase fees – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/07/trinity-reverses-decision-to-increase-fees/} ↑
246. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
247. ^{Kelly, P. (2018, August 15). Take Back Trinity members part of Custom House occupation – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/08/take-back-trinity-members-part-of-custom-house-occupation/} ↑
248. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
249. ^{Boland, L. (2018b, August 2). NUIG Students’ Union case against accommodation provider to be heard today – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/08/nuig-students-union-case-against-accommodation-provider-to-be-heard-today/} ↑
250. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
251. ^{Kelly, P. (2018, August 15). Take Back Trinity members part of Custom House occupation – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/08/take-back-trinity-members-part-of-custom-house-occupation/} ↑
252. ^{O’Mahony, E. (2018a). Don’t Spurn Students’ Unions, Former Fees Activist Tells Take Back Trinity. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/08/dont-spurn-students-unions-former-fees-activist-tells-take-back-trinity/} ↑
253. ^{Kelly, P. (2018, August 15). Take Back Trinity members part of Custom House occupation – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/08/take-back-trinity-members-part-of-custom-house-occupation/} ↑
254. ^{O’Mahony , E., & MacNamee, D. (2018). Protestors Demand Resignation of Housing Minister. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/08/protestors-demand-resignation-of-housing-minister/} ↑
255. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
256. ^{Kelly, P. (2018b, September 12). Arrested Trinity student Conchúir Ó Ráidigh speaks out on his injuries – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/09/arrested-trinity-student-conchuir-o-raidigh-speaks-out-on-his-injuries/} ↑
257. ^{Khan, C. (2018). Around the Country, Students Get Creative to Fight for Housing. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/around-the-country-students-get-creative-to-fight-for-housing/} ↑
258. ^{MacNamee, D. (2018a). After Arrest of Trinity Student, TCDSU to Join Housing Rally. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/after-arrest-of-trinity-student-tcdsu-to-join-housing-rally/} ↑
259. ^{Editorial Board of the University Times. (2018). Trinity Students Put a Heroic Face to the Housing Campaign. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/trinity-students-put-a-heroic-face-to-the-housing-campaign/} ↑
260. ^{Kelly, P. (2018b, September 21). USI pass emergency motion to support the Take Back the City protest – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/09/usi-pass-emergency-motion-to-support-the-take-back-the-city-protest/} ↑
261. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
262. ^{O’Mahony, E. (2018b). USI Stages Protest Outside Private Student Accommodation. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/usi-stages-protest-outside-private-student-accommodation/} ↑
263. ^{O’Mahony, E. (2018b). USI to Fight Housing Crisis, Not Fees, at Annual March. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/usi-to-fight-against-housing-crisis-instead-of-fees-at-annual-prebudget-march/?doing_wp_cron=1736882829.3880989551544189453125} ↑
264. Bermingham, D. (2018, October 3). Protestors confront Tánaiste at UCC over housing crisis. Echo Live; echolive.ie. https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40167570.html ↑
265. Kelly, P. (2018d, October 2). Take Back Trinity protest Micheál Martin visit – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/10/trinity-back-trinity-protest-micheal-martin-visit/ ↑
266. Kelly, P. (2018d, October 2). Take Back Trinity protest Micheál Martin visit – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/10/trinity-back-trinity-protest-micheal-martin-visit/ ↑
267. ^{Marren, A. (2018a). 3,000 Students March as Housing Protests Escalate. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/10/3000-students-march-as-housing-protests-escalate} ↑
268. ^{Editorial Board of the University Times. (2018b). USI Has Stepped Off the Anti-Fees Pedal, and May End Up Regretting It. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/09/usi-has-stepped-off-the-anti-fees-pedal-and-may-end-up-regretting-it/} ↑
269. ^{O’Mahony , E., & Marren, A. (2018). €57m Funding Increase for Higher Education in Budget 2019. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/10/e57m-funding-increase-for-higher-education-in-budget-2019/} ↑
270. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
271. ^{Marren , A., & Khan, C. (2018). At Higher Education Town Hall, Students at Cross Purposes. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/10/students-at-cross-purposes-at-higher-education-town-hall/} ↑
272. ^{Moran, A. (2018). DIT Students Push Back Against Cuts to Services. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2018/10/dit-students-push-back-against-cuts-to-student-services/} ↑
273. ^{Maedhbh Nic Lochlainn. (2023). Take back the city: occupation, housing activism, and digital/material contention in post-crash Dublin. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, 27(3-4), 394–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2023.2197550} ↑
274. ^{Gilna, M. (2018, November 29). NUIGSU lose case against student accommodation provider Cúirt na Coiribe – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://old.trinitynews.ie/2018/11/nuigsu-lose-case-against-student-accommodation-provider-cuirt-na-coiribe/} ↑
275. ^{Kelly, P. (2018, August 15). Take Back Trinity members part of Custom House occupation – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2018/08/take-back-trinity-members-part-of-custom-house-occupation/} ↑
276. ^{ESU. (2019, January 30). Irish Pharmacy Students’ Campaign Report 2019 – European Students’ Union. European Students’ Union. https://esu-online.org/irish-pharmacy-students-campaign-report-2019/} ↑
277. Kennedy, J. (2019, February 19). The SU is in denial about the level of its unpopularity – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/02/the-su-is-in-denial-about-the-level-of-its-unpopularity/ ↑
278. ^{Mitchell, V. (2019, March). Laura Beston elected TCDSU President – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/03/laura-beston-elected-tcdsu-president/} ↑
279. ^{Kelly, P. (2019, March 6). Take Back Trinity drop banner ahead of housing march – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/03/take-back-trinity-drop-banner-ahead-of-housing-march/} ↑
280. ^{Crosson, K. (2019, March 15). 10,000 students protest climate inaction in Dublin. Green News Ireland. https://greennews.ie/10000-students-protest-climate-inaction-in-dublin/} ↑
281. ^{Marren, A. (2019). Fund the Future Rally Draws 200 for Higher Education Protest. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2019/03/fund-the-future-rally-draws-200-for-higher-education-protest/} ↑
282. ^Ibid. ↑
283. ^{Editorial Board of the University Times. (2019). USI’s Protest Needed to Capture Significant Public Attention. But It Didn’t. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2019/03/usis-protest-needed-to-capture-significant-public-attention-but-it-didnt/} ↑
284. ^{Limerick Post. (2019, March 21). Limerick Institue of Technology students and staff join in protest. Limerick Post Newspaper. https://www.limerickpost.ie/2019/03/21/limerick-institue-of-technology-students-and-staff-join-in-protest/} ↑
285. ^{Mannion, T. (2019). Student walkout aims to highlight funding issues. RTE.ie. https://www.rte.ie/news/connacht/2019/0321/1037834-galway-students-funding/} ↑
286. Duffy, R. (2019, May). “Have you a job? Have you a job?” – Tense exchanges as FG Cork meeting disrupted by protesters. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/fine-gael-cork-meeting-4615959-May2019/ ↑
287. ^{Moreau, E., & Watson, C. (2018). Small Student Cohort Joins Thousands to Demand Housing Action. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2019/05/small-student-cohort-joins-thousands-to-demand-housing-action/} ↑
288. ^{Mennitto, A. (2020, February 13). PhD Students Petition for Better Working Conditions | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/phd-students-petition-for-better-working-conditions/} ↑
289. Moran, S. (2019, April 17). 82% of DCU students vote to affiliate with BDS movement – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/04/82-of-dcu-students-vote-to-affiliate-with-bds-movement/ ↑
290. Duffy, R. (2019, May). “Have you a job? Have you a job?” – Tense exchanges as FG Cork meeting disrupted by protesters. TheJournal.ie; TheJournal. https://www.thejournal.ie/fine-gael-cork-meeting-4615959-May2019/ ↑
291. ^{Purdy, F. (2019, June 21). Trinity increases Halls and campus rent by up to 6% – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/06/trinity-increases-halls-and-campus-rent-by-up-to-6/} ↑
292. ^{O’Doherty, C. (2019, September 20). Climate strike: “There’s no Planet B” – Thousands of Irish students join millions around the world in protest. Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/climate-strike-theres-no-planet-b-thousands-of-irish-students-join-millions-around-the-world-in-protest/38517315.html} ↑
293. ^{Boland, L. (2019, October). Hurricane Lorenzo forces cancellation of Break the Barriers demonstration – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://old.trinitynews.ie/2019/10/hurricane-lorenzo-forces-cancellation-of-break-the-barriers-demonstration/} ↑
294. ^{MacNamee, D., & Watson, C. (2019). New Trinity Activist Group Sets Up, Calling for Student Rent Strikes. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2019/09/new-trinity-activist-group-sets-up-calling-for-student-rent-strikes/} ↑
295. ^{Pifer, J. H. (2019, October 29). TCDSU Council vote against supporting the Cut the Rent campaign – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/10/tcdsu-vote-against-supporting-the-cut-the-rent-motion/} ↑
296. ^{Grace, A. (2019, November 2). Cut the Rent “fully committed” to continuing campaign despite SU vote – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/cut-the-rent-fully-committed-to-continuing-campaign-despite-su-vote/} ↑
297. ^{Purdy, F. (2019b, November 7). Cut the Rent campaign place “eviction notice” outside Provost’s house – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/cut-the-rent-campaign-place-eviction-notice-outside-provosts-house/} ↑
298. ^{Purdy, F. (2019b, November 7). Cut the Rent campaign place “eviction notice” outside Provost’s house – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/cut-the-rent-campaign-place-eviction-notice-outside-provosts-house/} ↑
299. ^{Fogarty, S. (2019). USI Votes to Support Student Rent Strikers. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2019/11/usi-votes-to-support-student-rent-strikers/} ↑
300. ^{Purdy, F. (2019b, November 19). TCDSU backs Cut the Rent movement after initial rejection – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/tcdsu-backs-cut-the-rent-movement-after-initial-rejection/} ↑
301. ^{Boland, L. (2019b, November 27). Cut the Rent postpone rent strike to next year – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/cut-the-rent-postpone-rent-strike-to-next-year/} ↑
302. ^{Connolly, S. (2019, November 29). TCDSU and Extinction Rebellion TCD join school climate strike – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/tcdsu-and-extinction-rebellion-tcd-join-school-climate-strike/} ↑
303. UCDSU. (2019, November 29). UCD STUDENTS’ UNION SHOPS BOYCOTT ISRAELI GOODS IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PEOPLE OF PALESTINE. Facebook.com. https://www.facebook.com/ucdsu/photos/a.313511135602/10162700239730603/?type=3 ↑
304. McKinney-Perry, R. (2019, November 29). UCD SU shops boycott Israeli goods – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/11/ucd-su-shops-boycott-israeli-goods/ ↑
305. ^{Grace, A. (2019b, December 18). Students protest deportation order of Carlow College student – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2019/12/students-protest-deportation-order-of-carlow-college-student/} ↑
306. ^{Dooley, H. (2020, January 30). Left Wing Alliance Issue Demands to UCD to “Fix Our Education” | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/left-wing-alliance-issue-demands-to-ucd-to-fix-our-education/} ↑
307. Purdy, F. (2020, February 4). Postgraduates protest lab workers’ pay cuts outside finance committee meeting – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/02/postgraduates-protest-lab-workers-pay-cuts-outside-finance-committee-meeting/ ↑
308. Ibid ↑
309. ^{Moreau, E. (2018). “We’re Not Businesses”: UCD Students Protest Student Rent Increases. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2020/02/ucd-students-protest-12-rent-increases-outside-presidents-office/} ↑
310. ^{Boland, L. (2020, February 20). Students lash out against proposed rent increases with front square protest – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/02/students-lash-out-against-proposed-rent-increases-with-front-square-protest/} ↑
311. ^{Williams, M. (2020, February 21). DCU students launch Cut the Rent campaign following 4% rent increase announcement – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/02/dcu-students-launch-cut-the-rent-campaign-following-4-rent-increase-announcement/} ↑
312. ^{Power, J. (2020, February 20). UCD students protest governing meeting over rent increase. The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/ucd-students-protest-governing-meeting-over-rent-increase-1.4179610} ↑
313. ^{DCU Students’ Union. (2020). x.com. X (Formerly Twitter). https://x.com/DCUSU/status/1231931695290601472} ↑
314. ^{O’Dwyer, S. (2020, March 12). “Occupy the Quad” protest ends on health and safety grounds. Echo Live. https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40124861.html} ↑
315. MacNamee, D. (2020). UCC Calls in Mediator Ahead of Formal Talks With Students Over Rent Hikes. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2020/03/ucc-calls-in-mediator-ahead-of-formal-talks-with-students-over-rent-hikes/ ↑
316. ^{Williams, M. (2020b, February 27). Students hold second protest against proposed rent increases – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/02/students-hold-second-protest-against-proposed-rent-increases/} ↑
317. ^{Kelly, E. O. (2020). Student protests over on-campus rent increases. RTE.ie. https://www.rte.ie/news/connacht/2020/0227/1117941-student-accommodation-protest/} ↑
318. ^{Gabija Gataveckaite. (2020, February 21). “We’ll do whatever we have to do” – students’ unions promise to protest until accommodation hikes are reversed. Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/well-do-whatever-we-have-to-do-students-unions-promise-to-protest-until-accommodation-hikes-are-reversed/38979755.html} ↑
319. ^{Fogarty, S. (2020). UCD Students in Standoff With Security, As Rent Protests Escalate. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2020/03/ucd-students-in-standoff-with-security-as-rent-protests-escalate/} ↑
320. ^{SIPTU Digital. (2020, March 4). SIPTU supports students rally to stop rent increases in UCD accommodation today – SIPTU – Services Industrial Professional and Technical Union. SIPTU – Services Industrial Professional and Technical Union. https://www.siptu.ie/siptu-supports-students-rally-to-stop-rent-increases-in-ucd-accommodation-today-21568/} ↑
321. ^{Reynolds, A. (2022). Contesting the financialization of student accommodation: campaigns for the right to housing in Dublin, Ireland. Housing Studies, 39(6), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.2023731} ↑
322. MacNamee, D. (2020). UCC Calls in Mediator Ahead of Formal Talks With Students Over Rent Hikes. Universitytimes.ie. https://universitytimes.ie/2020/03/ucc-calls-in-mediator-ahead-of-formal-talks-with-students-over-rent-hikes/ ↑
323. Connolly, S. (2020a, May 27). USI to lobby for Covid-19 rent suspension following a vote of the union’s Congress – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/05/usi-to-lobby-for-covid-19-rent-suspension-following-a-vote-of-the-unions-congress/ ↑
324. Dooley, H. (2020b, June 8). UCD Anti-Casualisation Suggests Unionisation of Graduate Workers | College Tribune. College Tribune | Independent UCD News. https://www.collegetribune.ie/ucd-anti-casualisation-suggests-unionisation-of-graduate-workers/ ↑
325. Connolly, S. (2020, July 17). USI and TCDSU condemn proposal to turn student accommodation into co-living – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/07/usi-and-tcdsu-condemn-proposal-to-turn-student-accommodation-into-co-living/ ↑
326. Roughan, C. (2020, December 16). TCDSU launch petition to reduce student contribution charge – Trinity News. Trinity News. https://trinitynews.ie/2020/12/tcdsu-launch-petition-to-reduce-student-contribution/ ↑
327. Students4Change. (2020). Students4Change on Instagram: “Check out our website with the link in the bio! #Students4Change.” Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CMJHs2MHinl/ ↑